Enterotype Variations of the Healthy Human Gut Microbiome in Different Geographical Regions

Abstract

Enterotypes are used for classifying individuals based on the gut microbiome. A number of studies are available to find the Enterotypes in healthy individuals; however, most of them lack comparisons at the world level. We analyzed the healthy human gut microbiomes of 495 datasets available in the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) database derived from fifteen countries from four continents. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the two most abundant phyla in the healthy human gut, worldwide. A high ratio of Proteobacteriato Actinobacteria and a low abundance of Prevotella were identified as the indicators of IBD. Prevotella, Bacteroides, and Bifidobacterium were identified as the Enterotypes in the inter-continental comparisons. At the intra-continental level, two (Bacteroides and Ruminococcaceae), four (Faecalibacterium, Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Clostridiales), and two (Prevotella, Bacteroides/Bifidobacterium) Enterotypes were identified in the American, European, and Asian continents, respectively. In addition, a high abundance of the unknown genus of Ruminococcaeae was observed in the Colombian human gut microbiome. A substantial impact of the geographical distance was observed on human gut microbiome variations, demonstrating a cumulative effect of factors, including dietary habits, genetics, lifestyle, environment, and climate, etc.

The Gut Microbiota and Inflammation: An Overview

“…The genetic and functional profile of microbial species is termed the gut microbiome [ 3 ]. On a broader level, humans can be classified according to their enterotypes, which are distinctly similar gut microbial compositions that can be observed in certain populations [ 4 ]. In a single individual, the inhabiting gut microbial species collectively have been shown to contain 3.3 million genes which, when compared to the human genome’s ~23,000 genes, demonstrates the sheer magnitude and potential effect of these species on human health [ 5 ].…”

“…Moreover, the effect of diet on gut microbiota can be seen in ethnography studies, where culture affects the general kinds of food consumed, and hence collective enterotypes [ 41 ]. This can be observed within Asian populations that have a high consumption of starch-rich foods like rice; the enterotypes of these populations are characterised by a notably high abundance of Bifidobacterium , a genus known to produce large quantities of starch-metabolising enzymes [ 4 ]. The Western diet, rich in saturated fats but low in unsaturated fats, has been studied extensively and found to be positively associated with anaerobic microorganisms and specific genera including Bacteroides and Bilophila [ 42 ].…”

Altered Diversity and Composition of Gut Microbiota in Wilson's disease

“…Blautia plays a role in digestion of complex carbohydrates and also shows decreased abundance in diabetes, irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn's disease and and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases [29]. Coprococcus is a genus of anaerobic cocci which is part of the human feacal microbiota that functions in producing butyrate [30].…”

Molecular characteristics of Clostridium difficile in children with acute gastroenteritis from Zhejiang

“…However, there were no any data supporting the standard of CDI diagnosis for children in China. The diversity of individual gut microbiomes was distinctly different among human beings from different geographical regions [47], and stewardship of antimicrobial use was implemented at different [48]. Thus, it was speculated that the principle of CDI test for children under 1 year might be differentiated in China.…”