“…Among them, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) outstands by offering many advantages (Cattorini et al., ; Durieux, Nicolay, & Simon, ; Illanes, ; Liu, Chen, & Shi, ; Lozinsky & Plieva, ; Porto et al., ). So, PVA has been thoroughly used for cell immobilization (Durieux et al., ; El‐Naas, Mourad, & Surkatti, ; Lozinsky & Plieva, ; Nonthasen, Piyatheerawong, & Thanonkeo, ; Rebroš, Rosenberg, Stloukal, & Krištofíková, ; Wittlich, Capan, Schlieker, Vorlop, & Jahnz, ; Zhu et al., ). However, enzyme leaching out of the matrix is a major drawback, which can be avoided by encapasulation of the previously crosslinked enzyme, as illustated by the case of pencillin acylase immobilization (Wilson et al., ).…”