Entry and sequential distribution of an aquatic birnavirus in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)

Novoa, Beatriz; Barja, Juan L.; Figueras, António

doi:10.1016/0044-8486(94)00341-k

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…No IPNV antigens were observed in the liver of any groups in the present study. These findings are in agreement with our previous work [ 28 ], but contrast the report of others [ 15 ]. The reason for this difference is likely methodological as immunohistochemistry was used in this study, while virus re-isolation from cellular fractions was used in the latter.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

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IPNV Antigen Uptake and Distribution in Atlantic Salmon Following Oral Administration

Chen

Evensen

Mutoloki

2015

Viruses

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One impediment to the successful oral vaccination in fish is the hostile stomach environment that antigens must cross. Furthermore, uptake of antigens from the gut to systemic distribution is required for induction of systemic immunity, the dynamics of which are poorly understood. In the present study, groups of Atlantic salmon parr were intubated with live or inactivated infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), either orally or anally. At 1, 24 and 72 h post infection (p.i.), the fish were sacrificed. Serum was used for assessing IPNV by ELISA, while formalin-fixed head-kidney, spleen, liver and intestine tissues were used for the demonstration of antigens by immunohistochemistry. Both live and inactivated IPNV antigens were observed in enterocytes of the intestines and in immune cells of the head-kidneys and spleens of all groups. In the liver, no antigens were observed in any of the groups. Significantly higher serum antigen OD values (p < 0.04) were observed in orally- compared to anally-intubated fish. By contrast, no difference (p = 0.05) was observed in tissue antigens between these groups by immunohistochemistry. No significant difference (p = 0.05) in serum antigens was observed between groups intubated with live and inactivated IPNV, while in tissues, significantly more antigens (p < 0.03) were observe in the latter compared to the former. These findings demonstrate that both live and inactivated IPNV are taken up by enterocytes in the intestines of Atlantic salmon, likely by receptor-mediated mechanisms. Higher IPNV uptake by the oral compared to anal route suggests that both the anterior and posterior intestines are important for the uptake of the virus and that IPNV is resistant to gastric degradation of the Atlantic salmon stomach.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…This has not been well documented previously. Novoa and coworkers attempted to show the uptake and sequential distribution of IPNV in turbot following intraperitoneal injection and immersion infection and drew conclusions at tissue level, but failed to document which cells take up the virus at the portals of entry [ 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

IPNV Antigen Uptake and Distribution in Atlantic Salmon Following Oral Administration

Chen

Evensen

Mutoloki

2015

Viruses

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“…Several authors have reported the association between IPNV and fish leucocytes (Yu et al, 1982: Knott andMunro. 1986;Mangunwiryo and Agius, 1988;Novoa et al, 1995b) and it has even been propossed that this association can be used as a diagnostic test for the virus in carrier fish by flow cytometry (Rodriguez et al, 1991;Perez et al, 1994). However, salmonid leucocytes cultured in vitro were not considered as target cells for IPNV by Estepa and Coll (1991) and Yu et al (1982) did not detect the virus in leucocytes by use of an immunofluorescence assay, leading to the conclusion that these cells do not contribute to the high titers of virus found in the haematopoietic organs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of in vitro addition of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss leucocyte responses

Novoa

Figueras

Secombes

1996

Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology

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Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) did not replicate in rainbow trout macrophages cultured in vitro, but a limited increase in viral titer was observed when total leucocytes were infected with the virus. Macrophages did not respond directly to IPNV, in that IPNV did not trigger the respiratory burst of these cells, even when the macrophages were previously stimulated. Supernatants were generated from leucocytes and macrophages exposed to the virus, using a variety of incubation periods and viral titers, to investigate whether virus stimulation induced the secretion of any immunomodulatory substances from these cells. No effect on macrophage responses was detected when these supernatants were added to new macrophage monolayers. However, IPNV produced a significant reduction of LPS-induced B cell proliferation, in a dose-dependent manner, indicative of at least one immunosuppressive effect induced by this virus.

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“…Covert infections without clinical signs are commonly established after IPNV challenge of juveniles of other fish species (Bootland et al 1991, Novoa et al 1995a,b, Sommer et al 2004 Recently, this was also demonstrated in cod (Garcia et al 2006). Small fry are LGP2) expression by real-time PCR analysis of IPNV-injected fish and control fish.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Susceptibility of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua juveniles to different routes of experimental challenge with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV)

Jensen¹,

Seppola²,

Steiro³

et al. 2009

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L. juveniles weighing 40 g were challenged with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) by intraperitoneal (i.p.) or intramuscular (i.m.) injection or by bath. The amount of infectious virus was determined over 6 wk in head kidney, heart and pylorus tissues. No mortality or clinical signs were observed in either of the challenged groups. However, 6 wk after challenge virus was still present in the fish, which shows that IPNV can persist asymptomatically in cod. I.p. and i.m. injections were the most efficient routes of challenge giving the highest virus recovery. The prevalence of individuals with a viral titre ≥500 infectious units g -1 tissue was lower in the group of fish challenged by bath; thus bath was a less efficient route of challenge than injection. Our data also show that pylorus and head kidney are target organs for IPNV in cod, and levels of virus recovery were not considerably different between these 2 organs. Challenged by injection, the cod heart is also a target organ for IPNV. Compared to head kidney and pylorus, the heart seems to have a minor role in virus multiplication. Virus was also recovered from cohabiting fish, demonstrating that covertly infected cod may represent a reservoir of infectious IPNV for surrounding fish populations. Expression analysis of selected cod immune genes showed that i.p. injection of IPNV induced gene expression of ISG15 and LGP2, markers for the innate antiviral defence, while expression of markers for the inflammatory response (interleukins IL-1β, IL-8, IL-10) was not significantly increased.

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Entry and sequential distribution of an aquatic birnavirus in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)

Cited by 10 publications

References 16 publications

IPNV Antigen Uptake and Distribution in Atlantic Salmon Following Oral Administration

IPNV Antigen Uptake and Distribution in Atlantic Salmon Following Oral Administration

Effects of in vitro addition of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss leucocyte responses

Susceptibility of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua juveniles to different routes of experimental challenge with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV)

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