Entry and uncoating of enveloped viruses

Therapeutic immune response induced by intratumoral expression of the fusogenic membrane protein of vesicular stomatitis virus and cytokines encoded by adenoviral vectors

“…Enveloped viruses gain entry into the cytoplasm by membrane fusion (11)(12)(13). It has been demonstrated that the intratumoral expression of viral fusogenic membrane protein(s) [i.e.…”

Investigation of the Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Matrix Protein: Uncoating and Assembly

“…VSV faces the same intriguing question about what is responsible for the dissociation of M protein from RNPs. Unlike influenza virus, VSV lacks an ion channel protein although previous studies have found at low pH spike proteins of enveloped viruses such as VSV, Sindbis virus, and Semliki Forest virus can make the viral envelope permeable to propidium iodide (101,114). Also, cells expressing these proteins on the cell surface show a pH-dependent permeability (101,114).…”

“…Previous studies have found spike proteins of several different enveloped viruses including VSV, Sindbis Virus (SIN), Semliki Forest virus (SFV), influenza HA, and Ebola virus GP2 when exposed to acidic pH, can increase membrane permeability when cells expressing these proteins on the cell surface are exposed to low pH (76,101,112,182). The SFV spike protein's involvement in membrane disruption at low pH was extensively studied with cell permeabilization assays, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings, and dual voltage-clamp intracellular current flow monitoring (112,113,115) and was predicted to be due to pore formation by the E 1 -E 2 -E 3 protein trimers that make up the SFV spike (114). However, the mechanism of how G protein may permeabilize the VSV envelope has yet to be investigated.…”

“…Unlike influenza virus, VSV lacks an ion channel protein although previous studies have found at low pH spike proteins of enveloped viruses such as VSV, Sindbis virus, and Semliki Forest virus can make the viral envelope permeable to propidium iodide (101,114). Also, cells expressing these proteins on the cell surface show a pH-dependent permeability (101,114). These observations coupled with the knowledge of how influenza virus uncoats would lead one to believe that protons may be able to cross the viral envelope and affect M in a manner similar to M1.…”

“…At early or late endosomes there is a pH induced fusion of the endosomal and viral membrane, which results in virus uncoating and release of the genome (114,136). Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), a prototype enveloped, nonsegmented, negative-strand RNA virus in the family Rhabdoviridae, enters the host cell through this pH-dependent endocytic pathway (139).…”