Entstehung, eigenschaften und Systematik der Boden der Bundesrepublik Deutschland

Charred organic carbon in German chernozemic soils

“…low precipitation or high ground water table. Without these preserving conditions, Chernozems are expected to be degraded by gradual decalcification and accumulation of black clay–humus complexes in deeper horizons, resulting in Phaeozems or Luvisols ( Mückenhausen 1977). However, the German chernozemic soils that we studied display many properties typical of Chernozems, although the present annual precipitation varies widely between 480 and 1400 mm.…”

Humusica 1, article 3: Essential bases – Quick look at the classification

“…In the same period, Dokuchaev (1889) published a famous soil-vegetation zonation in Russia. Hesselmann (1926), Hartmann (1944), Kubiëna (1953), von Mückenhausen (1962, Babel (1971), Delecour and Kindermans (1977) described the morphology and ecology of specialized humus types (the upper part of a soil profile which is enriched in organic matter) in central Europe. With similar ecological approaches, but in wet environments, Jongerius and Pons (1962) and Levesque et al (1980) proposed a classification of Histic soil horizons and peats.…”

Relationship of Soil, Microclimate, and Vegetation on a Sandy Hill

“…For the period 1931-1960, the mean annual temperature was 7.00C and the mean temperatures for July and February were 17.40C and -0.9'C respectively. 1961196219631965 Kristianstad ..... 603 602 560 380 577 Everod.......... -630 571 379 -Vittskovle ....... 620 671 587 371 method was 31.4, indicating a rather arid and continental area (Atlas of Sweden). Between 1931 and 1960, the mean annual precipitation at Kristianstad was 578 mm with 259 mm between October and March and 319 mm from April to September.…”