Entwicklung und Bewertung eines Verfahrenskonzeptes zur Herstellung flüssiger Kohlenwasserstoffe unter Nutzung von CO₂

A standardized methodology for the techno-economic evaluation of alternative fuels – A case study

“…Fischer-Tropsch fuel production is a state-of-the-art process, which has been applied since 1925 [28], [38]. A similar approach was chosen by König et al, though, proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis is applied for H2 production and CO2 is activated and converted to CO in a high-temperature reversible water-gas shift reactor [42] [22]. PBtL concepts typically stem from basic BtL concepts, where hydrogen is added prior to the FT-synthesis in order to make redundant the watergas shift reaction (e. g. Seiler et al [43]) or a reverse water-gas shift reactor is used to realize a very high carbon conversion by activating CO 2 , as published by Baliban et al [41].…”

“…A light and a heavy gas fraction are obtained from product separation, which is referred to as recycle and tail gas, respectively (see Figure 8 in SI). The recycle contains most of the unreacted educts, CO 2 and methane, and is reused in the FT-synthesis (internal recycle) and rWGS (external recycle), respectively [42,28]. Thus, a higher carbon conversion along with a larger fuel output can be realized.…”

“…Only alkanes were considered as product, which is a reasonable assumption as paraffinic compounds are the major products in lowtemperature FT-synthesis (LTFT) with cobalt catalysts [72] [73]. Product mole fractions were calculated according to Equation (9) based on α = 0.85, which corresponds to a typical chain growth probability of LTFT with cobalt catalyst [42]. Though, the methane yield was adjusted to w n=1 = 0.12, as it was shown based on the used experimental data that methane production was not well reflected by the ASF…”

Techno-economic study of the storage of fluctuating renewable energy in liquid hydrocarbons

“…[16], [17]. The Peng-Robinson equation of state is widely applied in gas processes, refining and FT modeling studies [14], [18], [19].…”

“…The operation temperature and pressure are assumed to be 900 ° and 2.5 , respectively [21]. In addition to the fresh feed, the To reduce coking in the reformer, the carbon safety factor (CSF) was introduced [14], [22]. The CSF determines the amount of steam required to achieve a constant distance from the coking equilibrium.…”