Environmental and Geographical Factors Contributing to Watershed Contamination with Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts

Graczyk, Thaddeus K.; Evans, Barry M.; Shiff, Clive; Karreman, Hubert J.; Patz, Jonathan A.

doi:10.1006/enrs.1999.4022

Cited by 77 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Diarrheal disease accounts for 1 in 10 deaths in children under the age of five and causes 800,000 deaths annually (91). This pathogen is found ubiquitously in cattle (92), and outbreaks have been associated with both landuse change and extreme precipitation (76,93). Other causes of childhood diarrhea are also likely to be sensitive to changes in land use and precipitation patterns.…”

Section: How Big a Public Health Problem Is The Degradation Of Naturamentioning

confidence: 99%

Human health impacts of ecosystem alteration

Myers

Gaffikin²,

Golden

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

383

261

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Human activity is rapidly transforming most of Earth's natural systems. How this transformation is impacting human health, whose health is at greatest risk, and the magnitude of the associated disease burden are relatively new subjects within the field of environmental health. We discuss what is known about the human health implications of changes in the structure and function of natural systems and propose that these changes are affecting human health in a variety of important ways. We identify several gaps and limitations in the research that has been done to date and propose a more systematic and comprehensive approach to applied research in this field. Such efforts could lead to a more robust understanding of the human health impacts of accelerating environmental change and inform decision making in the land-use planning, environmental conservation, and public health policy realms.At least since Hippocrates wrote On Airs, Waters, and Places, the natural environment has been viewed as an important determinant of human health. However, over the last century, the field of environmental health has focused increasingly on quantifying exposure-response relationships for toxins encountered in the human-dominated environment: from an initial focus on workplace exposures, to a population-level focus on radiation, heavy metals, air and water pollution, and more recently, to exposure to endocrinedisrupting chemicals. Over this period, relatively little attention has been paid to how changes in the structure and function of Earth's natural systems might affect human health. Growing evidence that changes in these natural systems can affect human health in a variety of important ways and the increasing pace and extent of these changes has prompted this Perspective. In it, we review current understanding of this field, identify some of its gaps and limitations, and suggest an approach to expanding our understanding.Human activity is transforming nearly all of Earth's natural systems. With the human population now exceeding 7 billion people and rapid growth in per capita consumption of goods and services, humanity's growing ecological footprint is altering the planet's land cover, rivers and oceans, climate system, biogeochemical cycles, and the

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Section: How Big a Public Health Problem Is The Degradation Of Naturamentioning

confidence: 99%

Human health impacts of ecosystem alteration

Myers

Gaffikin²,

Golden

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

383

261

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“…Given the scope of the aquatic environment coupled with the wide distribution of different species in Brazilian waters, make the control measures of Cryptosporidium limited. Therefore, to minimize the risks inherent in the spread of cryptosporidiosis in the populations of free-living mammals, it is of fundamental importance to environmental control, through the adoption of agricultural practices to prevent pollution of rivers by the faeces of animals (Graczyk et al 2000), as well as encouraging the adequacy of sanitation facilities, protection of water sources, education and guidance on waste discharges from vessels during nautical activities. Regarding the control measures of captive aquatic mammals, so as to minimize or eliminate the risks inherent in the spread of coccidian, several studies should be adopted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Monitoring of Opportunistic Protozoa in Rivers and Lakes: Relevance to Public Health in the Neotropics

Santos¹,

Silva²,

Anunciação³

et al. 2011

Environmental Monitoring

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“…Em virtude da ampla distribuição das diferentes espécies de Cryptosporidium, torna-se de fundamental importância o controle ambiental, por meio de adoção de práticas para prevenir a poluição de rios por excretas de animais (Graczyk et al, 2000), logo, o incentivo à adequação das estruturas de saneamento, a proteção dos mananciais, educação e orientação sobre descargas de resíduos por embarcações durante atividades náuticas, se tornam medidas recomendadas (Spósito Filha;Oliveira, 2009).…”

Section: Medidas De Profilaxia E Controleunclassified

Importância Da Criptosporidiose Como Zoonose

Galvão

Ortiz

Bresciani³

et al. 2012

AVS

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¹ FCAV -Unesp Jaboticabal -andrelgalvao@hotmail.com ² FMV -Unesp Araçatuba RESUMO: Os protozoários do gênero Cryptosporidium sp. são parasitos que completam seu ciclo biológico na superfície de células epiteliais dos tratos respiratório, gastrointestinal e urinário de mamíferos, aves, répteis e peixes. A criptosporidiose é uma enfermidade que quando ocorre na forma de infecção natural, geralmente se apresenta assintomática ou com alterações gastrointestinais. Considerada uma zoonose, pois os animais quando infectados, principalmente os bovinos, constituem em fonte de infecção para o ambiente e para o homem, uma vez que eliminam grandes quantidades de oocistos em suas fezes. A sintomatologia quando presente é caracterizada por diarréia aquosa, desidratação, dores abdominais, perda de peso e morte, principalmente em indivíduos imunossuprimidos, e notadamente em paciente com vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) e em crianças. Métodos terapêuticos eficazes no combate deste agente para os animais e para o homem, até o presente momento não foram estabelecidos, sendo aplicado o tratamento de suporte. Desta forma, trata-se de uma doença emergente, e a organização mundial de saúde a colocou na lista das doenças negligenciadas. Medidas de profilaxia são recomendadas como saneamento básico, utilização de métodos apropriados para a inativação dos oocistos e garantia de higiene pessoal constituem táticas para se minimizar a disseminação do Cryptosporidium. A presente revisão literária teve como objetivo descrever a importância da criptosporidiose em saúde pública. Palavras-chave: bovinos; cão; Cryptosporidium; gato IMPORTANCE OF CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS AS ZOONOSIS ABSTRACT:The protozoa of the genus Cryptosporidium sp. are parasites that complete their life cycle on the surface of epithelial cells of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts of mammals, birds, reptiles and fish. Affected animals generally are asymptomatic but gastrointestinal disorders sometimes can be present. Criptoporidiosis is considered a zoonosis. Infected animals, especially cattle, are a source of infection for the environment and humans, because they eliminate large numbers of oocysts in their feces. The symptoms when present is characterized by watery diarrhea, dehydration, abdominal pain, weight loss and death, especially in immunosuppressed individuals, and especially in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and children. Therapeutic methods effective to eliminate this agent in animals and humans has not been developed but it is necessary to applied support treatment. Criptosporidiosis is considered by the World Health Organization as an emerging disease. Basic sanitation, use of appropriate methods for the inactivation of oocysts and security of personal hygiene are recommended as Prophylactic methods to minimize the spread of Cryptosporidium. This literature review was aimed at describing the importance of cryptosporidiosis in public health.

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Environmental and Geographical Factors Contributing to Watershed Contamination with Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts

Cited by 77 publications

References 27 publications

Human health impacts of ecosystem alteration

Human health impacts of ecosystem alteration

Environmental Monitoring of Opportunistic Protozoa in Rivers and Lakes: Relevance to Public Health in the Neotropics

Importância Da Criptosporidiose Como Zoonose

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