Environmental and health impacts due to the violation of Brazilian emissions control program standards in Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area

Leirião, Luciana Ferreira Leite; Miraglia, Simone Georges El Khouri

doi:10.1016/j.trd.2019.03.006

Cited by 22 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…In Brazil, São Paulo city and its metropolitan area are known for the pronounced concentrations of air pollutants, mainly due to their numerous vehicular fleets ( Andrade et al, 2017 ; Kumar et al, 2016 ; Leirião and Miraglia, 2019 ). The Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP) comprises 39 cities, including the city of São Paulo, the largest city in South America and its approximately 14 million vehicles have the highest vehicle traffic density of the country, which corresponds to 13% of the Brazilian fleet ( DENATRAN, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How mobility restrictions policy and atmospheric conditions impacted air quality in the State of São Paulo during the COVID-19 outbreak

Rudke

Martins

Almeida

et al. 2021

Environmental Research

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Mobility restrictions are among actions to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and have been pointed as reasons for improving air quality, especially in large cities. However, it is crucial to assess the impact of atmospheric conditions on air quality and air pollutant dispersion in the face of the potential variability of all sources. In this study, the impact of mobility restrictions on the air quality was analyzed for the most populous Brazilian State, São Paulo, severely impacted by COVID-19. Ground-based air quality data (PM 10 , PM 2.5 , CO, SO 2 , NO x , NO 2 , NO, and O 3 ) were used from 50 automatic air quality monitoring stations to evaluate the changes in concentrations before (January 01 - March 25) and during the partial quarantine (March 16 - June 30). Rainfall, fires, and daily cell phone mobility data were also used as supplementary information to the analyses. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to assess the heterogeneity of the air quality data during and before mobility restrictions. In general, the results demonstrated no substantial improvements in air quality for most of the pollutants when comparing before and during restrictions periods. Besides, when the analyzed period of 2020 is compared with the year 2019, there is no significant air quality improvement in the São Paulo State. However, special attention should be given to the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP), due to the vast population residing in this area and exposed to air pollution. The region reached an average decrease of 29% in CO, 28% in NO x , 40% in NO, 19% in SO 2 , 15% in PM 2.5 , and 8% in PM 10 concentrations during the mobility restrictions period compared to the same period in 2019. The only pollutant that showed an increase in concentration was ozone, with a 20% increase compared to 2019 during the mobility restrictions period. Before the mobility restrictions period, the region reached an average decrease of 30% in CO, 39% in NO x , 63% in NO, 12% in SO 2 , 23% in PM 2.5 , 18% in PM 10 , and 16% in O 3 concentrations when compared to the same period in 2019. On the other hand, Cubatão, a highly industrialized area, showed statistically significant increases above 20% for most monitored pollutants in both periods of 2020 compared to 2019. This study reinforces that the main driving force of pollutant concentration variability is the dynamics of the atmosphere at its various time scales. An abnormal rainy season, with above average rainfall before the restrictions and below average after it, generated a scenario in which the probable significant reductions in emissions did not substantially affect the concentration of pollutants.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How mobility restrictions policy and atmospheric conditions impacted air quality in the State of São Paulo during the COVID-19 outbreak

Rudke

Martins

Almeida

et al. 2021

Environmental Research

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“…As emissões de CO 2 não diminuem conforme idade de frota, sendo a geração diretamente relacionada à combustão completa e ao consumo de combustível (FONTARAS; ZACHAROF; CIUFFO, 2017). Leirião e Miraglia (2019) estudou os efeitos na eliminação de frota antiga sobre a concentração de Material Particulado na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, indicando a necessidade de investimento em programas de transporte de baixo impacto, de renovação de frota antiga, e políticas de transporte a nível municipal.…”

Section: Estimativa Das Emissõesunclassified

Modelo Espaço-Temporal De Inventário De Emissões Veiculares: Estudo De Caso Em Curitiba-Pr

Vieira¹

2022

Preprint

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Vehicle emissions inventories are important tools to understand air quality impacts on the urban environment. This work proposes a platform for vehicle emissions estimation, based on the 4 stages transportation model and Origin/Destination (O/D) survey data, to evaluate scenarios of public policies on urban mobility. As a case study, emissions from passenger cars were estimated in Curitiba-PR, using data from O/D survey conducted in the Municipality's Metropolitan Region. To compare the emissions from this study's transportation model, the study estimated the emissions from Curitiba's City Hall model (generated from VISUM model). The estimation adopts a bottom-up approach, aggregating data at the vehicle level (age distribution of fleet, category of vehicles, types of fuel), trips patterns from Google Directions API (Application Programming Interface) (average speeds, preferential routes) and emission processes (hot exhaust emissions). The pollutants estimated were carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC). This work included applications of the proposed model for different scenarios of urban mobility: changes on emission factors, which considers the effect of higher degradation on old fleet emissions; limitation on the maximum age of fleet; as well as an increment of vehicle flow, powered by fossil fuels and electric. Results showed that the macroscopic patterns of traffic flow were similar between this study's and Curitiba's City Hall transport model, despite differences in the number of vehicles circulating on main roads. The scenario analysis suggested that a policy restricting the maximum vehicle age up to 20 or 30 years could reduce emission levels by 8-40% for the studied pollutants. A change on emission factors resulted in a variation of 24%, 44.5%, 32% for CO, NMHC and NOx emissions, respectively; showing the effects of vehicle and engine's degradation on global emissions. The scenarios of fleet increase indicated an increase in emissions, either from the insertion of internal combustion or electric vehicles - in the latter case, there was an increase in emissions due to the impact of the decrease in the average speed of internal combustion vehicles. The possibility of using Origin/Destination data to estimate vehicle emissions was shown, as well as the importance of evaluating emissions on spatial and temporal resolution.

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“…The battery-to-wheel consumption of an electric vehicle is a function of the required mechanical energy at the wheels, determined by the kinematic parameters over a trajectory, the drivetrain efficiency, and the energy consumption of auxiliaries. The total required mechanical energy at the wheels as a function of the kinematic parameters describing vehicle movement can be expressed in the vehicle dynamics equation in 1.5 [5]…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

An Electric Public Transportation Vehicle Modelling and Comparison with Conventional Diesel Vehicle

Avci¹,

Özener²

2019

IJERAT

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Public transportation which travels around inner city routes is showing great importance in terms of air pollution arousing from internal combustion engines. In this context, lots of different solution are developed by the scientific and industrial community. Usage of electric vehicles which tank to wheel emissions are zero are one of the possible solutions in this area. On the other hand, regarding economic aspects of electric vehicle (i.e. battery, charging) the public transportation system should be evaluated technically at first for creating inputs to economic models with alternative scenarios. This paper focused on demonstrating energy analysis of an electric public transportation vehicle in congested city traffic of İstanbul. In this context, diesel and an electric vehicle model was developed to demonstrate fuel and energy consumption analysis. A "dolmuş" vehicle properties which are a minivan light-duty commercial vehicle used in İstanbul Public Transportation frequently is chosen for modeling. The onedimensional vehicle models are created at AVL Cruise powertrain modelling program. Then electric and diesel vehicle models were simulated with real on-road velocity profile data that was logged from the dolmuş route for ~1-hour operation. Results were compared between the conventional diesel engine and a simple electric vehicle to see transformation possibilities. Dolmuş concept was transformed an electric vehicle and profits are obtained by comparing with a conventional diesel vehicle. It was also shown that one-dimensional modelling techniques can also be used to improve and optimize the electric and energetic efficiency of electric vehicles used in public transportation.

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Environmental and health impacts due to the violation of Brazilian emissions control program standards in Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area

Cited by 22 publications

References 30 publications

How mobility restrictions policy and atmospheric conditions impacted air quality in the State of São Paulo during the COVID-19 outbreak

How mobility restrictions policy and atmospheric conditions impacted air quality in the State of São Paulo during the COVID-19 outbreak

Modelo Espaço-Temporal De Inventário De Emissões Veiculares: Estudo De Caso Em Curitiba-Pr

An Electric Public Transportation Vehicle Modelling and Comparison with Conventional Diesel Vehicle

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