Environmental degradation, livelihood, and the stability of Chad Basin Region

Owonikoko, Saheed Babajide; Momodu, Jude A.

doi:10.1080/09592318.2020.1776092

Cited by 18 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The findings of this paper have clearly shown that Lake Chad has become almost a marshland and that it faces enormous challenges if it is to be revived. Many countries across Africa have argued that the capacity of Lake Chad is no longer declining, but this study has found that the lake is now at 10% of its original capacity when compared to how it was in 1960 [119]. Among the major problems that have caused the decline of Lake Chad's capacity to meet local/regional water demands include the increased population in each of the surrounding countries by more than 80% between 1950 and 2021, which put considerable pressure on lake water use in an unsustainable way, as shown in Figure 5.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Water and Food Sustainability in the Riparian Countries of Lake Chad in Africa

Olowoyeye

Kanwar

2023

Sustainability

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Lake Chad is a strategic water resource shared by more than 40 million people in Sub-Saharan Africa. In the 1960s, it served as a primary source of water for irrigation and fishing in the region, but the capacity of Lake Chad to supply water for irrigation plummeted by 90% at the beginning of the twenty-first century. With some initiatives taken by the neighboring countries, Lake Chad has recovered about 5% of its water volume in recent years. This research conducted an extensive literature review on Lake Chad and its riparian countries. The four major riparian countries were given particular attention due to their significant stake in the sustainability of lake Chad. This review identified and analyzed the water usage trends in this region, both before and after the lake’s decline in water levels. Our research findings revealed that riparian countries around Lake Chad have experienced an 80% increase in population growth and that the lake has now been reduced to 10% of its original size in the 1960s. Animal production in the region has increased significantly, too, particularly in Chad, and this increase of over 75% has contributed to the conflicts between farmers and herders in the region. The possible solutions proposed for the restoration of Lake Chad include increased water harvesting activities in the basin, developing a legal framework for sustainable water use, incentive-based policies for stakeholders to mitigate climate extremes events, establishing a joint water administration for the basin, and introducing regenerative agricultural practices with a highly efficient micro irrigation system.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Water and Food Sustainability in the Riparian Countries of Lake Chad in Africa

Olowoyeye

Kanwar

2023

Sustainability

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“…A transboundary zone that borders four countries -Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad and Niger -it was once Africa's second-largest wetland and fourth-largest lake, and it was the sixth-largest lake in the entire world, with a surface area of about 25,000 square kilometres (Gao et al, 2011). It lies in an endorheic basin on the southern margin of the Sahara Desert, making it a primary source of freshwater for drinking, sanitation, fishing and irrigation for the production of staple commodities such as cotton, rice and maize (Owonikoko & Momodu, 2020: 1305. The lake fluctuates seasonally because it is shallow and flat, only reaching a depth of 7 metres, making it sensitive to desertification and precipitation variability (Rizzo, 2015: 13).…”

Section: The Anatomy Of the Lake Chad Crisismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lake Chad operates in a degree of lawlessness because the Nigerian state lacks the human, technical and administrative control to manage water scarcity (Okpara et al, 2017: 311). In the absence of social safety nets, climate change has generated continuous cycles of mass migration, poverty, food insecurity, unemployment and more (Owonikoko & Momodu, 2020: 1302. In this chaos, contestations over the control of water emerge, as insurgent groups, who are vying for state power, use the shrinking sources of water as a 'political tool, a material source of power, a weapon during wars and a means of violence' to advance their interests (Daoudy, 2020(Daoudy, : 1349.…”

Section: The Anatomy Of the Lake Chad Crisismentioning

confidence: 99%

Boko Haram in the Capitalocene

Khurram

2024

Political Ecologies of the Far Right

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The world is in the throes of an existential calamity brought on by climate change. While the physical impacts of global warming are frightening, so too are the social and political aspects of adaptation, which can take reactionary and repressive forms. In his infamous 2002 'Letter to America', Osama bin Laden criticized the US for its contribution to climate change (Bodetti, 2019). He wrote, 'You have destroyed nature with your industrial waste and gases more than any other nation in history. Despite this, you refuse to sign the Kyoto agreement so that you can secure the profit of your greedy companies and industries' (The Guardian, 2002). In 2017, the Afghan Taliban critiqued the US intervention in Afghanistan for the environmental destruction that it wrought, stating, 'The US invasion destroyed many sectors of Afghanistan, including the environment, in a very bad way and for the long term. The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan has the perfect plan for environmental protection through planting trees' (Bodetti, 2017). In Somalia in 2018, Al-Shabaab banned plastic bags because they pose 'a serious threat to the well-being of humans and animals alike' (Dahir, 2018). It is no longer possible to avoid interacting with the discourses and materiality of our current ecological crisis. Unfolding globally, it is devastating ecosystems, killing human and non-human life, decimating livelihoods, destroying infrastructure, stressing national political economies, and more (Eklöw & Krampe, 2019: 4). From politicians to far-right groups to ordinary citizens, everyone is reacting to these changes. Violent insurgent groups are also joining the conversation in unprecedented and peculiar ways. While the protection of nature is a part of the rhetoric of some militant Islamist movements, other groups take advantage of the consequences of climate change. Most notably, in Nigeria, Boko Haram has used the dwindling Lake Chad as a weapon of war.Violent militant Islamist movements have emerged as major political contenders across the world. In tandem, ecological crises are intensifying in their urgency. Both are transforming and redefining the security

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“…In Lake Chad, extremist groups exploit poverty and livelihood loss in the basin to recruit people into their ranks. 127 Gender may affect why different men and women join these groups, with men and boys joining to gain status and acquire the income needed to marry and act as head of household-rewards otherwise denied them due to limited traditional livelihood options. 128 Women and girls, meanwhile, may join due to promises of education and empowerment, or to participate in expected social change.…”

Section: Sea-level Rise and Extreme Weather Eventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Security Risks of Environmental Crises: Environment of Peace (Part 2)

Coning¹,

Busby²,

Eklöw³

et al. 2022

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This research report is a product of the Environment of Peace initiative launched by SIPRI in May 2020. It sets out the evidence base that provided the foundation for Environment of Peace: Security in a New Era of Risk, a policy report published in May 2022. The report is published in four parts-Elements of a Planetary Emergency (part 1); Security Risks of Environmental Crises (part 2); Navigating a Just and Peaceful Transition (part 3); and Enabling an Environment of Peace (part 4)-as outlined below. Elements of a Planetary EmergencyPart 1 lays out the conceptual and evidential landscape for Environment of Peace, bringing together data on a wide range of indicators, showing that both security and environmental stresses are increasing. Security Risks of Environmental CrisesThis part, part 2, shows how combinations of environmental and security phenomena are generating complex risks. Through a theoretical framework informed by the literature, Cedric de Coning, Research Professor at the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI), and his team explore different pathways from environmental stress to conflict and how the darkening security horizon and environmental crises are interacting to generate different types of risk: compound, cascading, emergent, systemic and existential. The analysis is supported by numerous case studies, spanning a variety of social-ecological systems and different types of risks. This part of the report also discusses options for responding to these complex risks. Navigating a Just and Peaceful TransitionPart 3 focuses on needed transitions towards sustainability and climate resilience, with special attention given to areas such as land use, energy and climate response. Enabling an Environment of PeacePart 4 examines the legal and institutional landscape within which the twin crises-and humanity's responses to them-play out. Other related materialsSeparate annexes assemble a number of in-depth case studies and other input papers that were commissioned to inform the research and analysis of the report.

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Environmental degradation, livelihood, and the stability of Chad Basin Region

Cited by 18 publications

References 15 publications

Water and Food Sustainability in the Riparian Countries of Lake Chad in Africa

Water and Food Sustainability in the Riparian Countries of Lake Chad in Africa

Boko Haram in the Capitalocene

Security Risks of Environmental Crises: Environment of Peace (Part 2)

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