Environmental Exposure to Lead and Children's Intelligence at the Age of Seven Years

Baghurst, Peter; McMichael, Anthony J.; Wigg, Neil R.; Vimpani, Graham; Robertson, Evelyn F.; Roberts, Russell; Tong, Shilu

doi:10.1056/nejm199210293271805

Cited by 491 publications

(246 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…In a number of cohort studies, in which the same children were followed from birth to school age, peak BPb was observed in the 2nd year of life, followed by decrease thereafter [22][23][24][25]. The present result (Table 2) seemed to be consistent with this finding, although ours is a cross-sectional design.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Blood lead levels of contemporary Japanese children

Yoshinaga

Takagi

Yamasaki

et al. 2011

Environ Health Prev Med

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Objectives Lead concentrations in whole blood (BPb) of Japanese children were measured to obtain insight into the sources of variation and to estimate health risk. Methods Blood samples were taken from 352 children (aged 1-14 years) at pediatric clinics/hospitals in 3 regions of Japan (Tokyo, Shizuoka, and Osaka) during [2005][2006] (Shizuoka only) and 2008-2010 (3 regions), and BPb was measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after acid digestion. Results Geometric mean BPb of the 352 children was 1.07 lg/dL, among the lowest in the world. Based on this result, the probability of exceeding BPb 10 lg/dL, the action level proposed by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in general Japanese children was estimated to be negligible. There was a significant negative correlation between BPb and age, while sex difference was not significant. BPb was significantly lower in subjects in Tokyo than in the other two regions. Age-adjusted mean BPb was significantly higher in children with a family member who smoked in their presence than in those who did not have such a family member, indicating that passive smoking had a significant effect on BPb.Conclusions Health risk of lead exposure is minimal in Japanese children. To lower the exposure level further, reduction of passive smoking is suggested as one of the effective measures.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Blood lead levels of contemporary Japanese children

Yoshinaga

Takagi

Yamasaki

et al. 2011

Environ Health Prev Med

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“…When the Boston children were tested at 10 years of age (47), the verbal subscale of the WISC-R was more sensitive than the performance scale. In the Port Pirie study (52), all scales of the WISC-R were affected when the children were 7 years old, although the information and block design were the most sensitive. (18,28) (29) (30,31) (32) (33)(34)(35) (45), while performance at 10 years of age was most associated with lead levels at 2 years (47).…”

Section: Human Studiesmentioning

confidence: 95%

Behavioral effects of lead: commonalities between experimental and epidemiologic data.

Rice

1996

Environ Health Perspect

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“…Numerous studies have shown that children with only moderately increased BPbs (10-15 µg/dL) suffer disproportionately from cognitive and neurobehavioral deficits, including lower intelligence quotient scores and diminished attention span, bilateral coordination, visual-motor control, upper-limb speed, dexterity, and fine motor skills (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15). In addition, there is mounting evidence of deleterious effects associated with BPbs even below 5 µg/dL; these include hearing loss, adverse hematologic effects, dental carries, and diminished cognitive and academic skills (16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead sources, behaviors, and socioeconomic factors in relation to blood lead of native american and white children: a community-based assessment of a former mining area.

Malcoe

Lynch

Keger

et al. 2002

Environ Health Perspect

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Lead poisoning prevention requires knowledge of lead sources and of appropriate residential lead standards. Data are severely lacking on lead sources for Native American children, many of whom live in rural areas. Further, the relation of mining waste to blood lead concentrations (BPbs) of rural children is controversial. In collaboration with the eight tribes of northeastern Oklahoma, we assessed lead sources and their effects on BPbs for rural Native American and White children living in a former mining region. Venous blood lead, residential environmental (soil, dust, paint, water), and caregiver interview (e.g., hand-to-mouth behaviors, socioeconomic conditions) data were obtained from a representative sample of 245 children 1-6 years of age. BPbs ranged from 1 to 24 µg/dL. There were no ethnic differences in BPbs

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Environmental Exposure to Lead and Children's Intelligence at the Age of Seven Years

Abstract: Low-level exposure to lead during early childhood is inversely associated with neuropsychological development through the first seven years of life.

Cited by 491 publications

References 27 publications

Blood lead levels of contemporary Japanese children

Blood lead levels of contemporary Japanese children

Behavioral effects of lead: commonalities between experimental and epidemiologic data.

Lead sources, behaviors, and socioeconomic factors in relation to blood lead of native american and white children: a community-based assessment of a former mining area.

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