Environmental factors in cancer etiology

Kupchella, Charles E.

doi:10.1016/s0749-2081(86)80004-3

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In other case-control studies regarding the relationship between PD-1.5 and PD-1.9 and other cancer diseases, including lung adenocarcinoma [ 31 ], cervical cancer [ 32 ], breast cancer [ 28 ], gastric cancer [ 34 ], and thyroid cancer [ 35 ], significant associations have been reported. This discrepancy in results could be explained by ethnic factors alongside other environmental factors that are usually not considered in the association analysis, such as smoking, diet, alcohol drinking, ultraviolet and ionizing radiation exposition, medical procedures and drugs, occupation, reproductive behavior, pollution, infection, and other still unknown factors [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]. These environmental factors could act by inducing somatic mutations or epigenetic effects that could modify the structure of DNA or affect its expression or stability [ 57 , 58 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both exogenous and endogenous factors contribute to the increased risk of CRC. Environmental factors including a low fiber diet, low physical activity, obesity, smoking, and alcohol consumption are all considered to be risk factors for CRC [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Moreover, inherited genetic factors have been shown to contribute significantly to the susceptibility of CRC, as for many other cancer diseases [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rs10204525 Polymorphism of the Programmed Death (PD-1) Gene Is Associated with Increased Risk in a Saudi Arabian Population with Colorectal Cancer

Alharbi

Vaali-Mohammed²,

Alomar³

et al. 2022

Medicina

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Checkpoint programmed death-1 (PD-1) has been identified as an immunosuppressive molecule implicated in the immune evasion of transformed cells. It is highly expressed in tumor cells in order to evade host immunosurveillance. In this study, we aimed to assess the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of PD-1 and the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) in the Saudi population. For this case-control study, the TaqMan assay method was used for genotyping three SNPs in the PD-1 gene in 100 CRC patients and 100 healthy controls. Associations were estimated using odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for multiple inheritance models (codominant, dominant, recessive, over-dominant, and log-additive). Moreover, PD-1 gene expression levels were evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR in colon cancer tissue and adjacent colon tissues. We found that the PD-1 rs10204525 A allele was associated with an increased risk of developing CRC (OR = 2.35; p = 0.00657). In addition, the PD-1 rs10204525 AA homozygote genotype was associated with a high risk of developing CRC in the codominant (OR = 21.65; p = 0.0014), recessive (OR = 10.97; p = 0.0015), and additive (OR = 1.98; p = 0.012) models. A weak protective effect was found for the rs2227981 GG genotype (OR = 2.52; p = 0.034), and no significant association was found between the rs2227982 and CRC. Haplotype analysis showed that the rs10204525, rs2227981, rs2227982 A-A-G haplotype was associated with a significantly increased risk of CRC (OR = 6.79; p =0.031).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rs10204525 Polymorphism of the Programmed Death (PD-1) Gene Is Associated with Increased Risk in a Saudi Arabian Population with Colorectal Cancer

Alharbi

Vaali-Mohammed²,

Alomar³

et al. 2022

Medicina

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“…The mechanism and function of CTLA-4 expression and regulation is complex, and more studies are required to confirm the mechanisms by which CTLA-4 expression affects T cell activity [ 58 ]. Conflicting results obtained from previous studies could be due to differences in genetic background, environmental exposures, various lifestyles and different experimental designs that could influence results [ 74 , 75 , 76 ]. Moreover, these environmental factors could cause alterations or epigenetic effects that could alter the DNA structure, causing changes in the level of expression or stability [ 77 , 78 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of Association between CTLA-4 Gene Polymorphisms and Colorectal Cancers in Saudi Patients

Alharbi

Abdulla

Vaali-Mohammed

et al. 2023

Genes

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Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) has been identified as an immunosuppressive molecule involved in the negative regulation of T cells. It is highly expressed in several types of autoimmune diseases and cancers including colorectal cancer (CRC). (1) Objective: To explore the association between CTLA-4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and risk to (CRC) in the Saudi population. (2) Methods: In this case-control study, 100 patients with CRC and 100 matched healthy controls were genotyped for three CTLA-4 SNPs: rs11571317 (−658C > T), rs231775 (+49A > G) and rs3087243 (CT60 G > A), using TaqMan assay method. Associations were evaluated using odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for five inheritance models (co-dominant, dominant, recessive, over-dominant and log-additive). Furthermore, CTLA-4 expression levels were evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR (Q-RT-PCR) in colon cancer and adjacent colon tissues. (3) Results: Our result showed a significant association of the G allele (OR = 2.337, p < 0.0001) and GG genotype of the missense SNP +49A > G with increased risk of developing CRC in codominant (OR = 8.93, p < 0.0001) and recessive (OR = 16.32, p < 0.0001) models. Inversely, the AG genotype was significantly associated with decreased risk to CRC in the codominant model (OR = 0.23, p < 0.0001). In addition, the CT60 G > A polymorphism exhibited a strong association with a high risk of developing CRC for the AA genotype in codominant (OR = 3.323, p = 0.0053) and in allele models (OR = 1.816, p = 0.005). No significant association was found between −658C > T and CRC. The haplotype analysis showed that the G-A-G haplotype of the rs11571317, rs231775 and rs3087243 was associated with high risk for CRC (OR = 57.66; p < 0.001). The CTLA-4 mRNA gene expression was found significantly higher in tumors compared to normal adjacent colon samples (p < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: Our findings support an association between the CTLA-4 rs231775 (+49A > G) and rs3087243 (CT60 G > A) polymorphisms and CRC risk in the Saudi population. Further validation in a larger cohort size is needed prior to utilizing these SNPs as a potential screening marker in the Saudi population.

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“…Environmental factors including chemical carcinogens, environmental pollutants, dietary contaminants and physical carcinogens play important role in the etiology of human cancer (Kupchella CE 1986). Additionally, lifestyle factors, such as alcohol consumption, smoking, exposure to sunlight, increased fat consumption and chronic stress can also promote the development and progression of cancer (Stein CJ and Colditz GA 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epigenetic modifications by dietary phytochemicals: Implications for personalized nutrition

Shankar

Kumar

Srivastava

2013

Pharmacology & Therapeutics

122

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In last two decades, the study of epigenetic modification emerged as one of the major areas of cancer treatment targeted by dietary phytochemicals. Recent studies with various types of cancers revealed that the epigenetic modifications are associated with the food source corresponds to dietary phytochemicals. The dietary phytochemicals have been used in Asian countries for thousands of years to cure several diseases including cancer. They have been reported to modulate the several biological processes including histone modification, DNA methylation and non-coding microRNA expression. These events play a vital role in carcinogenesis. Various studies suggest that a number of dietary compounds present in vegetables, spices and other herbal products have epigenetic targets in cancer cells. Dietary phytochemicals have been reported to repair DNA damage by enhancing histone acetylation that helps to restrain cell death, and also alter DNA methylation. These phytochemicals are able to modulate epigenetic modifications and their targets to cure several cancers. Epigenetic aberrations dynamically contribute to cancer pathogenesis. Given the individualized traits of epigenetic biomarkers, the personalized nutrition will help us to prevent various types of cancer. In this review, we will discuss the effect of dietary phytochemicals on genetic and epigenetic modifications and how these modifications help to prevent various types of cancers and improve health outcomes.

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Environmental factors in cancer etiology

Cited by 5 publications

References 25 publications

Rs10204525 Polymorphism of the Programmed Death (PD-1) Gene Is Associated with Increased Risk in a Saudi Arabian Population with Colorectal Cancer

Rs10204525 Polymorphism of the Programmed Death (PD-1) Gene Is Associated with Increased Risk in a Saudi Arabian Population with Colorectal Cancer

Evidence of Association between CTLA-4 Gene Polymorphisms and Colorectal Cancers in Saudi Patients

Epigenetic modifications by dietary phytochemicals: Implications for personalized nutrition

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