Environmental fate and ecotoxicological effects of antiretrovirals: A current global status and future perspectives

Ncube, Somandla; Madikizela, Lawrence Mzukisi; Chimuka, Luke; Nindi, Mathew Muzi

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2018.08.017

Cited by 104 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 118 publications

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“…Antiretroviral drugs like abacavir shown prodigious toxic effects on green algae, crustaceans and diatoms, with half maximal effective concentration (EC50) values ranging from 50 to 100 mg L -1 ( Minguez et al, 2016 ) . Green algae containing chlorophyll, are considered to be the primitive first degree producers in an aquatic ecosystem and hence, toxicity towards it, is of pivotal concern ( Ncube et al, 2018 ). Furthermore, subjection to efavirenz (20.6 ng L -1 ) elicited hepatocyte cell damage and even caused death in O. mossambicus ( Robson et al, 2017 ) .…”

Section: Antiviral Drugs: Environmental Occurrence and Potential Ecotmentioning

confidence: 99%

A chronicle of SARS-CoV-2: Seasonality, environmental fate, transport, inactivation, and antiviral drug resistance

Kumar

Mazumder

Mohapatra

et al. 2021

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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In this review, we present the environmental perspectives of the viruses and antiviral drugs related to SARS-CoV-2. The present review paper discusses occurrence, fate, transport, susceptibility, and inactivation mechanisms of viruses in the environment as well as environmental occurrence and fate of antiviral drugs, and prospects (prevalence and occurrence) of antiviral drug resistance (both antiviral drug resistant viruses and antiviral resistance in the human). During winter, the number of viral disease cases and environmental occurrence of antiviral drug surge due to various biotic and abiotic factors such as transmission pathways, human behaviour, susceptibility, and immunity as well as cold climatic conditions. Adsorption and persistence critically determine the fate and transport of viruses in the environment. Inactivation and disinfection of virus include UV, alcohol, chemical-base methods but the susceptibility of virus against these methods varies. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are major sources of antiviral drugs and their metabolites and transformation products. Ecotoxicity of antiviral drug residues against aquatic organisms have been reported, however more threatening is the development of antiviral resistance, both in humans and in wild animal reservoirs. In particular, emergence of antiviral drug-resistant viruses via exposure of wild animals to high loads of antiviral residues during the current pandemic needs further evaluation.

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Section: Antiviral Drugs: Environmental Occurrence and Potential Ecotmentioning

confidence: 99%

A chronicle of SARS-CoV-2: Seasonality, environmental fate, transport, inactivation, and antiviral drug resistance

Kumar

Mazumder

Mohapatra

et al. 2021

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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“…HIV-1 is a virus that infects the CD4-T cells responsible for the body's immunity. Furthermore, antiretroviral treatment against HIV-1 does not eliminate the virus but rather prevents its rapid replication (Ncube et al 2018).…”

Section: Accepted Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

Antiretroviral Drugs in African Surface Waters: Prevalence, Analysis, and Potential Remediation

Adeola

Forbes

2021

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The sources, ecotoxicological impact, and potential remediation strategies of antiretroviral drugs (ARVDs) as emerging contaminants in surface waters are reviewed in this report based on recent literature. The occurrence of ARVDs in water bodies raises concern because many communities in Africa depend on rivers for water resources. Southern Africa is a potential hotspot regarding ARVD contamination due to relatively high therapeutic application and detection thereof in water bodies.Efavirenz and nevirapine are the most persistent in effluents and prevalent in surface water based on environmental concentrations. While the highest concentration of efavirenz reported in Kenya was 12.4 µg L -1 , concentrations as high as 119 µg L -1 and

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“…Fekadu et al [4] underlined that in European countries, high detection frequencies of these compounds were less reported and appear to be much more region-specific. This fact is strictly related to the different consumption patterns of antiretroviral drugs typical of European countries and South African regions, as reported by [70].…”

Section: Occurrence Of Micropollutants In Surface Water and Groundwatermentioning

confidence: 83%

Surface Water and Groundwater Quality in South Africa and Mozambique—Analysis of the Most Critical Pollutants for Drinking Purposes and Challenges in Water Treatment Selection

Verlicchi

Grillini

2020

Water

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According to a recent report by the World Health Organization (WHO), the countries which still have limited access to water for drinking purposes are mainly those in the Sub-Saharan region. In this context, the current study provides an overview of the quality of surface water and groundwater in rural and peri-urban areas of the Republic of South Africa (RSA) and Mozambique (MZ) in terms of concentrations of conventional pollutants, inorganic chemicals, microorganisms, and micropollutants. Their values were compared with the drinking water standards available for the two countries. Regarding surface water, it was found that microorganisms occur at high concentrations; nickel (RSA) and boron (MZ) are other critical parameters. Regarding groundwater, arsenic and lead (RSA) and boron, sodium, and chloride (MZ) are the main critical substances. With regard to micropollutants, their surface water concentrations are much higher than those in European rivers. The highest values were for ibuprofen, acetylsalicylic acid, clozapine, and estriol. Suitable treatment is necessary to produce safe water depending on the main critical pollutants but, at the same time, action should be taken to improve wastewater treatment in rural areas to improve and safeguard surface water bodies and groundwater which are sources for drinking needs.

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Environmental fate and ecotoxicological effects of antiretrovirals: A current global status and future perspectives

Cited by 104 publications

References 118 publications

A chronicle of SARS-CoV-2: Seasonality, environmental fate, transport, inactivation, and antiviral drug resistance

A chronicle of SARS-CoV-2: Seasonality, environmental fate, transport, inactivation, and antiviral drug resistance

Antiretroviral Drugs in African Surface Waters: Prevalence, Analysis, and Potential Remediation

Surface Water and Groundwater Quality in South Africa and Mozambique—Analysis of the Most Critical Pollutants for Drinking Purposes and Challenges in Water Treatment Selection

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