Environmental Growth Conditions of Trichoderma spp. Affects Indole Acetic Acid Derivatives, Volatile Organic Compounds, and Plant Growth Promotion

Abstract

Trichoderma species are soil-borne filamentous fungi widely utilized for their many plant health benefits, such as conferring improved growth, disease resistance and abiotic stress tolerance to their hosts. Many Trichoderma species are able to produce the auxin phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and its production has been suggested to promote root growth. Here we show that the production of IAA is strain dependent and diverse external stimuli are associated with its production. In in vitro assays, Arabidopsis primary root length was negatively affected by the interaction with some Trichoderma strains. In soil experiments, a continuum effect on plant growth was shown and this was also strain dependent. In plate assays, some strains of Trichoderma spp. inhibited the expression of the auxin reporter gene DR5 in Arabidopsis primary roots but not secondary roots. When Trichoderma spp. and A. thaliana were physically separated, enhancement of both shoot and root biomass, increased root production and chlorophyll content were observed, which strongly suggested that volatile production by the fungus influenced the parameters analyzed. Trichoderma strains T. virens Gv29.8, T. atroviride IMI206040, T. sp. “atroviride B” LU132, and T. asperellum LU1370 were demonstrated to promote plant growth through volatile production. However, contrasting differences were observed with LU1370 which had a negative effect on plant growth in soil but a positive effect in plate assays. Altogether our results suggest that the mechanisms and molecules involved in plant growth promotion by Trichoderma spp. are multivariable and are affected by the environmental conditions.

Effect of Trichoderma Viride as Biofertilizer on Growth and Yield of Wheat

“…The negative impact of Trichoderma on root length is also state in a study of Arabidopsis [27]. The antagonistic feature of chemical fertilizer and Trichoderma is supported by the findings of Badar and Qureshi on Vignamungo [28].…”

“…Agriculture and Animal Science, Lamjung Campus, Sundarbazar in the western mid hills of Nepal during December 2016 -April 2017 [24][25][26][27][28]. This place has a humid tropical climate with an annual rainfall of 280 cm.…”

TheStreptomycesvolatile 3-octanone alters auxin/cytokinin and growth inArabidopsis thalianavia the gene familyKISS ME DEADLY

“…Notably, 3-octanone is a conidiation-inducing signal in the fungal genus Trichoderma (28), which includes several plant-symbiotic species (29). Trichoderma-produced 3-octanone have been shown to promote growth of plants such as A. thaliana and willow (30,31). In contrast, 1octen-3-ol induces defense responses in A. thaliana, suppresses growth and development of fungi and reduces growth, chlorophyll accumulation and seed germination in A. thaliana (32)(33)(34).…”

ESTUDIO PARA LA MEJORA DE LAS TÉCNICAS DE PROPAGACIÓN DE LA ALCAPARRA (Capparis spinosa L.).

“… Las plántulas procedentes de las semillas irradiadas y germinadas en sustrato humedecido con AG3, presentan un menor tamaño que las semillas germinadas en sustrato humedecido con agua. Los hongos del género Trichoderma producen metabolitos secundarios, como péptidos, terpenos, pironas y derivados indólicos, que desempeñan diferentes funciones y tienen una importante aplicación potencial en agricultura (Contreras-Cornejo et al, 2016), de hecho, diversas especies de Trichoderma se han utilizado con éxito mejorando la resistencia de varias plantas a estreses bióticos y abióticos, la absorción de nutrientes, el crecimiento de la planta y el rendimiento (López-Bucio et al, 2015;Contreras-Cornejo et al, 2016;Fiorini et al, 2016;Nieto-Jacobo et al, 2017;Rubio et al, 2017;Téllez Vargas et al, 2017;Xue et al, 2017).…”