Environmental Kuznets curve: threatened species and spatial effects

Are There Income Effects on Global Willingness to Pay for Biodiversity Conservation?

“…Of direct relevance to this paper is the search for EKC-type relationships for measures of biodiversity. McPherson and Nieswiadomy (2005) investigated the relationship between species counts for threatened mammal and bird species in 113 countries and real per capita income, finding indications of an EKC shape in both cases. In other words, species numbers initially decline as incomes rise, but then start to rise again.…”

“…Our main research question is this: is there empirical evidence that willingness to pay for biodiversity conservation increases with income? The importance of this question relates to current debates over the existence of an "Environmental Kuznets Curve" for environmental quality in general, and for biodiversity in particular (Deacon and Norman, 2006;McPherson and Nieswiadomy, 2005). It also relates to an older literature dating to Krutilla and Fisher (1975), on how preservation values for natural environments can be expected to evolve over time, considering that depletion of many natural resources is irreversible; and to debates over the distributional effects of environmental policy (Kristrom and Riera, 1996;Ebert, 2003).…”

Essays on marine resources conservation : macroeconomics and national accounting

“…For some first contributions on marine conservation, see Glavovic and Patterson (2009), Holland et al (2010) and Yassin Mohammed (2014. Note that MA (2005) and TEEB (2008) have developed some recent work on wetlands and, more scarcely, on oceans.…”

“…The bulk of the studies on biodiversity and economic growth have instead focused on the reversed causality, that is, the (negative) impact that economic growth can have on biodiversity (Antoci et al, 2004). Many analyses explore whether the environmental Kuznets curve exists, where a U-shaped relationship between the per capita wealth and the proportion of species conserved is expected (McPherson andNieswiadomy, 2005, andMills andWait, 2009). Biodiversity is often found to be one of the classes of environmental problems where economic growth on its own is unlikely to result in a turning point towards a more sustainable and secure environmental future (Dietz and Adger, 2003).…”

“…22 According to the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES), three broad categories of ecosystem services can be identified, namely: provisioning, regulation and maintenance, and cultural services (MA, 2005;Weber, 2011).…”