Environmental Mapping of the World Trade Center Area with Imaging Spectroscopy after the September 11, 2001 Attack

Clark, R. N.; Swayze, Gregg A.; Hoefen, Todd M.; Green, Robert O.; Livo, Keith E.; Meeker, Gregory P.; Sutley, S.J.; Plumlee, Geoffrey S.; Pavri, B.; Sarture, Charles M.; Boardman, J.; Brownfield, Isabelle K.; Morath, Laurie C.

doi:10.1021/bk-2006-0919.ch004

Cited by 12 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…In remote sensing applications, reflectance spectra are needed to properly compare with remotely obtained data on planetary surfaces. For example, in the Clark et al [ , 2006 study of the World Trade Center disaster, imaging spectroscopy was used to map organic compounds in the city, but because there was no database of the spectral reflectance properties of organic compounds in the wavelength region studied, no identifications of specific organic compounds could be made. Similarly, McCord et al [1997], Clark et al [2005], and Cruikshank et al [2008] found signatures of organic compounds on moons in the outer solar system but were unable to identify specific compounds owing to lack of reflectance spectral libraries and, in some cases, ambiguous or weak spectral features in the spectral range observed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reflectance spectroscopy of organic compounds: 1. Alkanes

et al. 2009

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[1] Reflectance spectra of the organic compounds comprising the alkane series are presented from the ultraviolet to midinfrared, 0.35 to 15.5 mm. Alkanes are hydrocarbon molecules containing only single carbon-carbon bonds, and are found naturally on the Earth and in the atmospheres of the giant planets and Saturn's moon, Titan. This paper presents the spectral properties of the alkanes as the first in a series of papers to build a spectral database of organic compounds for use in remote sensing studies. Applications range from mapping the environment on the Earth, to the search for organic molecules and life in the solar system and throughout the universe. We show that the spectral reflectance properties of organic compounds are rich, with major diagnostic spectral features throughout the spectral range studied. Little to no spectral change was observed as a function of temperature and only small shifts and changes in the width of absorption bands were observed between liquids and solids, making remote detection of spectral properties throughout the solar system simpler. Some high molecular weight organic compounds contain single-bonded carbon chains and have spectra similar to alkanes even when they fall into other families. Small spectral differences are often present allowing discrimination among some compounds, further illustrating the need to catalog spectral properties for accurate remote sensing identification with spectroscopy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reflectance spectroscopy of organic compounds: 1. Alkanes

et al. 2009

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“…Therefore, the deployment of IS for the task of remotely and rapidly detecting and locating the deposition of fugitive dust after such a hazardous event presents an important tool for emergency responders and those involved in the clean-up especially where there is a safety concern for those undertaking the clean-up process. IS from AVIRIS-C sensor was deployed for such an application where potentially hazardous dust was discriminated following the 11 September 2001 World Trade Centre (WTC) attack (Clark et al 2006). Specifically, the AVIRIS-C data were used to map the abundance and extent of dust and debris resulting from the collapse of the WTC using Tetracorder.…”

Section: Fugitive Dustmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…IS has unique contributions to make via its ability to provide quantitative diagnostic information to better inform assessments and monitor hazards and their related threats. In the last two decades, with the increasing availability of IS particularly in the visible (VIS) to shortwave infrared (SWIR) (400-2500 nm) range mainly from airborne platforms, some convincing studies have demonstrated its remarkable effectiveness (for acid drainage see Buzzi et al 2016;Davies and Calvin 2017;Farrand 1997;Farrand and Harsanyi 1997;Fenstermaker and Miller 1994;Kemper and Sommer 2004;King et al 1995;Kopačková 2014;Kruse et al 1989;Lopez-Pamo et al 1999;Ong and Cudahy 2014;Pearson et al 1997;Peters et al 1995;Shi et al 2014a, b;Swayze et al 1996Swayze et al , 2000Rockwell et al 2005;Zabcic et al 2014; for fugitive dust see Clark et al 2006;Chudnovsky et al 2009Chudnovsky et al , 2011Ong et al 2003aOng et al , b, c, 2008Ong 2013;Pascucci et al 2012; for hydrocarbon contamination see Beland et al 2016;Clark et al 2010;Khanna et al 2013;Kokaly et al 2013;Peterson et al 2015; for atmospheric emissions see Bradley et al 2011;Dennison et al 2013;Deschamps et al 2013;Franke et al 2009;Frankenberg et al 2016;Frassy et al 2014;Krautwu...…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging Spectroscopy for the Detection, Assessment and Monitoring of Natural and Anthropogenic Hazards

et al. 2019

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Natural and anthropogenic hazards have the potential to impact all aspects of society including its economy and the environment. Diagnostic data to inform decision-making are critical for hazard management whether for emergency response, routine monitoring or assessments of potential risks. Imaging spectroscopy (IS) has unique contributions to make via the ability to provide some key quantitative diagnostic information. In this paper, we examine a selection of key case histories representing the state of the art to gain an insight into the achievements and perspectives in the use of visible to shortwave infrared IS for the detection, assessment and monitoring of a selection of significant natural and anthropogenic hazards. The selected key case studies examined provide compelling evidence for the use of the IS technology and its ability to contribute diagnostic information currently unattainable from operational spaceborne Earth observation systems. User requirements for the applications were also evaluated. The evaluation showed that the projected launch of spaceborne IS sensors in the near-, mid and long term future, together with the increasing availability, quality and moderate cost of off the shelf sensors, the possibilities to couple unmanned autonomous systems with miniaturized sensors, should be able to meet these requirements. The challenges and opportunities for the scientific community in the future when such data become available will then be ensuring consistency between data from different sensors, developing techniques to efficiently handle, process, integrate and deliver the large volumes of data, and most importantly translating the data to information that meets specific needs of the user community in a form that can be digested/understood by them. The latter is especially important to transforming the technology from a scientific to an operational tool. Additionally, the information must be independently validated using current trusted practices and uncertainties quantified before IS derived measurement can be integrated into operational monitoring services.

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“…The number of terrestrial applications of spectroscopy from space or aircraft is stunning, ranging from mineral mapping (e.g., Clark et al 2003 and references therein) as shown in Figures 7a and 7b, acidic mine drainage and mineralization impact (e.g., Swayze et al 2000), ecosystems mapping, vegetation species and chemistry (e.g., Kokaly et al 2003;Ustin et al 2009 and references therein), ice and snow mapping, including snow grain size and snow-water-vegetation mixtures (e.g., Clark et al 2003;Painter et al 2003 and references therein), mapping chlorophyll in water (Clark et al 2003; Clark and Wise 2011), assessments of environmental disasters (the World Trade Center Disaster: Clark et al , 2006; the 2010 Gulf of Mexico Deepwater Horizon oil spill: Clark et al 2010b), and detection of fires/thermal hot spots through thick smoke, determining temperature and sub-pixel areal extent (Clark et al 2003(Clark et al , 2006. Remote sensing had been tried for decades to derive a method to determine the amount of oil on the ocean's surface without much success.…”

Section: Terrestrial Planetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectroscopy from Space

Clark

Swayze

Carlson

et al. 2014

Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry

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This chapter reviews detection of materials on solid and liquid (lakes and ocean) surfaces in the solar system using ultraviolet to infrared spectroscopy from space, or near space (high altitude aircraft on the Earth), or in the case of remote objects, earth-based and earth-orbiting telescopes. Point spectrometers and imaging spectrometers have been probing the surfaces of our solar system for decades. Spacecraft carrying imaging spectrometers are currently in orbit around Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, and Saturn, and systems have recently visited Jupiter, comets, asteroids, and one spectrometer-carrying spacecraft is on its way to Pluto. Together these systems are providing a wealth of data that will enable a better understanding of the composition of condensed matter bodies in the solar system. Minerals, ices, liquids, and other materials have been detected and mapped on the Earth and all planets and/or their satellites where the surface can be observed from space, with the exception of Venus whose thick atmosphere limits surface observation. Basaltic minerals (e.g., pyroxene and olivine) have been detected with spectroscopy on the Earth, Moon, Mars and some asteroids. The greatest mineralogic diversity seen from space is observed on the Earth and Mars. The Earth, with oceans, active tectonic and hydrologic cycles, and biological processes, displays the greatest material diversity including the detection of amorphous and crystalline inorganic materials, organic compounds, water and water ice.

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Environmental Mapping of the World Trade Center Area with Imaging Spectroscopy after the September 11, 2001 Attack

Cited by 12 publications

References 0 publications

Reflectance spectroscopy of organic compounds: 1. Alkanes

Reflectance spectroscopy of organic compounds: 1. Alkanes

Imaging Spectroscopy for the Detection, Assessment and Monitoring of Natural and Anthropogenic Hazards

Spectroscopy from Space

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