Environmental Risk Factors and Schizophrenia

Opler, Mark; Charap, Joseph; Greig, Astrea; Stein, Victoria; Polito, Stephanie; Malaspina, Dolores

doi:10.2753/imh0020-7411420102

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…In addition to DNA-associated histone protein modifications, the use of various isoforms of chromatin remodeling protein complexes, and direct DNA methylation, epigenetics encompasses other mechanisms based on non-coding RNAs, differential expression of exomes, non-genic DNA, and alternative modification products such as 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine, 5-formylcytosine, and 5-carboxylcytosine catalyzed by the Ten-Eleven Translocation (TET) family of enzymes for gene regulation. Studies have shown the impact of various external factors such as geographic variations, time of birth, malnutrition, infectious diseases, and gynecological complications on schizophrenia [ 59 ]. The divergence of developmental trajectories within psychopathologies is believed to be associated with transgenerational inheritance [ 60 ].…”

Section: Etiology Of Schizophreniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Hidden Role of Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in Schizophrenia: Antipsychotics or Psychobiotics as Therapeutics?

Munawar

Ahsan

Muhammad

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Schizophrenia is a chronic, heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder that has complex symptoms and uncertain etiology. Mounting evidence indicates the involvement of genetics and epigenetic disturbances, alteration in gut microbiome, immune system abnormalities, and environmental influence in the disease, but a single root cause and mechanism involved has yet to be conclusively determined. Consequently, the identification of diagnostic markers and the development of psychotic drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia faces a high failure rate. This article surveys the etiology of schizophrenia with a particular focus on gut microbiota regulation and the microbial signaling system that correlates with the brain through the vagus nerve, enteric nervous system, immune system, and production of postbiotics. Gut microbially produced molecules may lay the groundwork for further investigations into the role of gut microbiota dysbiosis and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Current treatment of schizophrenia is limited to psychotherapy and antipsychotic drugs that have significant side effects. Therefore, alternative therapeutic options merit exploration. The use of psychobiotics alone or in combination with antipsychotics may promote the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In view of the individual gut microbiome structure and personalized response to antipsychotic drugs, a tailored and targeted manipulation of gut microbial diversity naturally by novel prebiotics (non-digestible fiber) may be a successful alternative therapeutic for the treatment of schizophrenia patients.

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Section: Etiology Of Schizophreniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Hidden Role of Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in Schizophrenia: Antipsychotics or Psychobiotics as Therapeutics?

Munawar

Ahsan

Muhammad

et al. 2021

IJMS

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“…Environmental risk factors are often discussed in the context of a ‘stress-vulnerability’ aetiological model where early biological and psychological insults, occurring in both the pre- and postnatal periods, result in changes of gene and protein expression, and/or changes in the intracellular and extracellular milieu of the developing brain. For recent relevant reviews of environmental risk factors, see [ 2 , 3 ]. However, perhaps, the most intriguing finding to emerge from epidemiological studies is that SCZ and ASD appear to share a remarkable number of environmental risk factors [ 4 , 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…relevant reviews of environmental risk factors, see [2,3]. However, perhaps, the most intriguing finding to emerge from epidemiological studies is that SCZ and ASD appear to share a remarkable number of environmental risk factors [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using mouse transgenic and human stem cell technologies to model genetic mutations associated with schizophrenia and autism

Clair

Johnstone

2018

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Solid progress has occurred over the last decade in our understanding of the molecular genetic basis of neurodevelopmental disorders, and of schizophrenia and autism in particular. Although the genetic architecture of both disorders is far more complex than previously imagined, many key loci have at last been identified. This has allowed in vivo and in vitro technologies to be refined to model specific high-penetrant genetic loci involved in both disorders. Using the DISC1/NDE1 and CYFIP1/EIF4E loci as exemplars, we explore the opportunities and challenges of using animal models and human-induced pluripotent stem cell technologies to further understand/treat and potentially reverse the worst consequences of these debilitating disorders.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Of mice and mental health: facilitating dialogue between basic and clinical neuroscientists’.

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“…Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that is characterized by a breakdown of thought processes and by poor emotional responsiveness, with mild or severe disturbances in a person's behavior, mood, or thought [1]. Even though schizophrenia has long been described as a disease of 'unknown etiology' [2], it had been documented to be associated with multiple genetic and environmental risk factors, including drug and alcohol abuse, prenatal infections, and malnutrition [1,3]. Generally, a mental disorder appears in late adolescence or early adulthood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prognostic Roles of C-Reactive Protein and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate As Acute Phase Reactants in Mentally Challenged Subjects

Atere¹,

Oseni²,

Adebua³

et al. 2018

SJMS

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Background: A mental disorder is a psychiatric disease that presents as mild or severe disturbances in a person’s behavior, mood, or thought. Mental illnesses are very common because of excessive stress. Recent studies show that mental illnesses are on the rise generally because of increasing stress. In Nigeria, medical records suggest an upsurge in mental health cases since the onset of the country’s economic downturn and the consequent trauma following it. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is an indirect marker of serum acute-phase protein concentrations, whereas C-reactive protein (CRP) is a direct protein measurement and it is inherently more well-defined. This study thus evaluated the roles of ESR and CRP as sensitive markers of inflammation and correlated their levels with severity stratification and prognosis in schizophrenic patients.

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Environmental Risk Factors and Schizophrenia

Cited by 12 publications

References 54 publications

Hidden Role of Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in Schizophrenia: Antipsychotics or Psychobiotics as Therapeutics?

Hidden Role of Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in Schizophrenia: Antipsychotics or Psychobiotics as Therapeutics?

Using mouse transgenic and human stem cell technologies to model genetic mutations associated with schizophrenia and autism

Prognostic Roles of C-Reactive Protein and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate As Acute Phase Reactants in Mentally Challenged Subjects

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