Environmental stressors alter relationships between physiology and behaviour

Killen, Shaun S.; Marras, Stefano; Metcalfe, Neil B.; McKenzie, David J.; Domenici, Paolo

doi:10.1016/j.tree.2013.05.005

Cited by 332 publications

(353 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…Although absolute provisioning rates do not vary between light treatments, birds in the white and green light sites may have to work less to find food for their offspring, disrupting the relationship between DEE and visit rates found under natural dark nights. It has been recently highlighted that environmental as well as endogenous factors can alter the relationship between behavior and physiology (Killen et al, 2013). Our results point in this direction, as we show that DEE and provisioning behavior are not always correlated, but this relationship depends on the environment where birds breed, which in turn is affected by the experimental light source via changes in food availability.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Artificial Light at Night Reduces Daily Energy Expenditure in Breeding Great Tits (Parus major)

et al. 2017

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The ecological impact of artificial light at night (ALAN) is an increasingly recognized process that accompanies expanding urbanization. Yet, we have limited knowledge on the impact of ALAN on wild species, and on the potential to mitigate any negative effects by using different light sources and colors. In birds, effects of ALAN on activity levels are reported for several species and, hence, their daily energy expenditure (DEE) may be affected. DEE is a potent mediator of life-history trade-offs and fitness and thus an important aspect to consider when examining the potential long-term ecological effects of ALAN. Previous work has suggested that birds exposed to ALAN show higher levels of provisioning and nocturnal activity, suggesting that white ALAN increases DEE. Other factors regulating DEE, such as provisioning behavior and food availability, might also respond to ALAN and thus indirectly affect DEE. We tested the hypothesis that ALAN increases DEE using an experimental setup where four previously unlit transects were illuminated with either white, green, or red LED light, or left dark as a control treatment. This setup was replicated in eight locations across the Netherlands. We measured DEE of our focal species, the great tit (Parus major), using a novel doubly labeled water technique that uses breath rather than blood samples. Contrary to our expectations, birds feeding their offspring under white and green ALAN showed lower DEE compared to birds in the control dark treatment. Differences in chick provisioning activity did not explain this result, as neither visit rates nor daily activity timing was affected by light treatment. However, food availability under white and green light was much higher compared to red light and the dark control. This difference strongly suggests that the lower DEE under white and green ALAN sites is a consequence of higher food availability in these treatments. This result shows that there can be positive, indirect effects of ALAN for breeding song birds which may balance against the negative direct effects shown in previous studies.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Artificial Light at Night Reduces Daily Energy Expenditure in Breeding Great Tits (Parus major)

et al. 2017

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“…This physiological basis to air-breathing responses was almost certainly the mechanism underlying the dependence of %ṀO 2,air on SMR in aquatic hypoxia. It seems logical to presume that, the higher an individual's SMR, the more their metabolic equilibrium was challenged in aquatic hypoxia (Killen et al, 2012(Killen et al, , 2013. Chemoreflexive responses would presumably be stimulated relatively more profoundly and frequently in individuals that were consuming oxygen from their blood at the highest rates.…”

Section: General Patterns Of Respiratory Metabolism and Boldnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Foraging has received attention because, although it brings advantages for energy acquisition, it increases risk of predation (Anholt and Werner, 1998;Biro et al, 2004;Mangel and Stamps, 2001). Variation in the intensity of such risky behaviour could reflect physiology, with individuals with higher metabolic rate being able, or driven, to forage more (Killen et al, , 2013. It could also reflect personality, with bolder individuals willing to accept greater risks to secure energetic benefits (Conrad et al, 2011;Sih et al, 2012;Wolf and Weissing, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As variation in both sets of traits would contribute to a similar life-history trade-off, it has been predicted that correlational selection should co-adapt physiology and temperament: animals with higher basal oxygen demands should be bolder (Biro and Stamps, 2010;Careau and Garland, 2012;Jenjan et al, 2013;Réale et al, 2010;Stamps, 2007). There is evidence, however, that reality is more complex and that the relative strength of these drivers of risk-taking can vary with context, such as resource availability or perceived risks of predation (Frost et al, 2013;Killen et al, 2011Killen et al, , 2012Killen et al, , 2013Thomson et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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To boldly gulp: standard metabolic rate and boldness have context-dependent influences on risk-taking to breathe air in a catfish

McKenzie

Belão

Killen

et al. 2015

Journal of Experimental Biology

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The African sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus has bimodal respiration, it has a suprabranchial air-breathing organ alongside substantial gills. We used automated bimodal respirometry to reveal that undisturbed juvenile catfish (N=29) breathed air continuously in normoxia, with a marked diurnal cycle. Air breathing and routine metabolic rate (RMR) increased in darkness when, in the wild, this nocturnal predator forages. Aquatic hypoxia (20% air saturation) greatly increased overall reliance on air breathing. We investigated whether two measures of risk taking to breathe air, namely absolute rates of aerial O 2 uptake (Ṁ O2,air ) and the percentage of RMR obtained from air (%Ṁ O2,air ), were influenced by individual standard metabolic rate (SMR) and boldness. In particular, whether any influence varied with resource availability (normoxia versus hypoxia) or relative fear of predation (day versus night). Individual SMR, derived from respirometry, had an overall positive influence on Ṁ O2,air across all contexts but a positive influence on %Ṁ O2,air only in hypoxia. Thus, a pervasive effect of SMR on air breathing became most acute in hypoxia, when individuals with higher O 2 demand took proportionally more risks. Boldness was estimated as time required to resume air breathing after a fearful stimulus in daylight normoxia (T res ). Although T res had no overall influence on Ṁ O2,air or %Ṁ O2,air , there was a negative relationship between T res and %Ṁ O2,air in daylight, in normoxia and hypoxia. There were two T res response groups, 'bold' phenotypes with T res below 75 min (N=13) which, in daylight, breathed proportionally more air than 'shy' phenotypes with T res above 115 min (N=16). Therefore, individual boldness influenced air breathing when fear of predation was high. Thus, individual energy demand and personality did not have parallel influences on the emergent tendency to take risks to obtain a resource; their influences varied in strength with context.

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“…Given the potential involvement of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, and potential metabolome differences between dispersive and non-dispersive individuals (Rollins et al 2015;Van Petegem et al 2015;2016b), it may be worth exploring the association between MR and movement in other systems. Burton et al 2011;Killen et al 2012;Killen et al 2013;Lebeau et al 2016;Metcalfe et al 2016). Variation in MR is maintained in most natural populations allowing for different strategies for growth, behaviours, and reproduction in specific contexts (Burton et al 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selecting for invasive tendencies: the evolution of morphological, physiological, and movement behaviour traits associated with dispersal

Arnold¹

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Dispersal, defined as any movement of an individual over various spatial scales that may contribute to gene flow, is an essential component of species ecology. It provides a mechanism that allows organisms to track optimal environmental conditions, regulate population density and interactions with conspecifics, and colonise new areas. Dispersal ability varies widely among individuals, and this variation has been strongly linked to a suite of physiological, morphological, and behavioural traits that together constitute a dispersal syndrome. The evolution of dispersal-related traits can occur not only by natural selection, but also by spatial sorting, where individuals that have traits facilitating their dispersal accumulate at range edges and are limited proximally to mating with other dispersive individuals. The relationships among traits constituting the dispersal syndrome, their dynamics with age, and evolution under spatial selection on dispersal have not been comprehensively explored. Furthermore, integrating evolution into the study of dispersal is imperative to understand the mechanisms that select or constrain the evolution of dispersalrelated traits. The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate a suite of physiological, morphological, and movement behaviour traits associated with the dispersal syndrome using a model system: laboratory dispersal apparatuses and Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle).The research presented in this thesis focused on the following traits: body size, locomotor apparatus size, metabolic rate, spontaneous activity, and movement behaviour in a maze (including speed, path length, displacement distance, and behavioural intermittence). The first specific aim was to determine how the onset of sexual maturity and age throughout early life affects dispersal-related traits (Chapter 2). I found that prior to sexual maturity, T. castaneum have low metabolic rate and moved significantly less than mature ones. The low energy expenditure was attributable to reduced energy demand and inactivity, which was hypothesised to be a protective mechanism while the cuticle is undergoing sclerotisation.The second specific aim was to determine the relationships among metabolic rate, body size, relative leg length and different movement behaviour traits (Chapter 3). A dominant axis of movement ability described variation in several movement traits and was positively related to relative leg length, but unrelated to body size or metabolic rate. A mechanistic relationship ii between stride length and movement ability is therefore likely. The data suggested that the dispersal syndrome may be more strongly tied to morphology rather than physiology.The third specific aim was to investigate the dispersal rate of T. castaneum through threepatch dispersal apparatuses to determine which design would be most effective for artificial selection on the basis of dispersal success (Chapter 4). The distance and slope of the tubing that connected between patches significantly affected dispersal rate, therefo...

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Environmental stressors alter relationships between physiology and behaviour

Cited by 332 publications

References 72 publications

Artificial Light at Night Reduces Daily Energy Expenditure in Breeding Great Tits (Parus major)

Artificial Light at Night Reduces Daily Energy Expenditure in Breeding Great Tits (Parus major)

To boldly gulp: standard metabolic rate and boldness have context-dependent influences on risk-taking to breathe air in a catfish

Selecting for invasive tendencies: the evolution of morphological, physiological, and movement behaviour traits associated with dispersal

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