Environmental Studies Op Endemic Enteric Virus Infections: Ii. Poliovirus Infections in Household Units12

Isacson, Peter; Melnick, Joseph L.; Walton, Mary; Opton, Edward M.; CARDWELL, WARREN; Prindle, Richard A.; Parr, Robert L.; Myers, Ira L.; Mendez, Winifred M.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119854

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…For every case of clinical (i.e., paralytic) polio there are 100-1,000 inapparent infections Ledinko 1953, Horstmann 1963). Subclinical infection occurred in up to 70% of household contacts of polio cases (Isacson et al, 1957). Figure 3 demonstrates that both of these waterborne diseases have the same seasonal pattern, so are highly appropriate comparison diseases.…”

Section: Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Unraveling the social ecology of polio

Mauricio¹,

Noymer²

2019

Preprint

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Using data on poliomyelitis and typhoid fever mortality in the United States, 1914–69, we test competing theories for the twentieth century expansion of polio. We analyze data stratified by age, sex, and race. We show that some of the seemingly-paradoxical aspects of the data — principally, that whites had higher polio death rates than nonwhites but lower typhoid death rates — are consistent with the polio hygiene hypothesis. Data on racial differences show that the hygiene hypothesis is necessary and sufficient to explain patterns of polio mortality in the United States. Epidemiological phenomena are best understood in their social context.

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Section: Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Unraveling the social ecology of polio

Mauricio¹,

Noymer²

2019

Preprint

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“…Only a few paralytic cases were registered in Stockholm during the fall of 1955. If persons belonging to the two outbreaks studied are excluded, there was only one paralytic case with onset in August, 6 in September, and 10 in October. The relatively few poliovirus strains isolated from these or other pat>ients a t the Hospital for Infectious Diseases (persons belonging to the present study again excluded) were shown to be distributed between all three t,ypes.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Infections with Poliovirus Types 2 and 3 in Day Nurseries and an Orphanage

Svedmyr¹,

Gullmar-Arvidsson²,

Zeipel

1958

Acta Paediatrica

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Summary In the fall of 1955, when the incidence of poliomyelitis was low in Stockholm, two institutional outbreaks of polioviras infections were studied. At one day nursery, where two paralytic cases had occurred one and two weeks earlier, 31 of the 33 children and 2 of the 5 members of the personnel excreted poliovirus Type 2. The infection was also widespread among the household contacts; thus 7 of 10 siblings and 10 of 47 adults were virus‐positive. Eighty‐five per cent of the virus excretors provided further positive stool specimens still 4–5 weeks after onsst of the first paralytic case; 25 per cent still after 7–9 weeks. At the other institution, a combined day nursery and orphanage, the paralytic index case had occurred a month earlier, followed by a case of aseptic meningitis just before this investigation. Thirty‐two of the 59 children and 2 members of the personnel of 34 adults were found to excrete poliovirus Type 3. Here 50 per cent of the virus excretors provided poliovirus‐positive specimens 6–7 weeks after onset of the paralytic index case; 7 per cent still after 10–11 weeks. Infections with other agents were also discovered among the children studied. Bacterial pathogens were thus common in both outbreaks; and adenoviruses Types 1, 2, 3 or 5 were recovered at one or several occasions from 15 children belonging to the second outbreak. The many episodes of minor illness met with among the persons studied could not be definitely correlated to any of the pathogens encountered. Infections du polio‐virus types 2 et 3 dans des crèches et dans un orphelinat. En automne 1955, lorsque ľincidence de poliomyélite était basse à Stockholm, on a examiné des infections du polio‐virus survenues dans deux institutions. Dans une crèche où 2 cas de paralysie étaient signalés 2 et 3 semaines auparavant, il y avait 31 sur 33 enfants, et 2 sur 5 membres du personnel, qui avaient une excrétion du polio‐virus type 2. Ľinfection était done très répandue parmi les pensionnaires et le personnel; ainsi, 7 sur 10 enfants, et 10 sur 47 adultes avaient une réaction positive du virus. 85 % des individus avec une excrétion du virus produisaient encore des spécimens de selle positifs 4 à 5 semaines après le début des premiers cas de paralysie, tandis qu'après 7 à 9 semaines, ce pourcentage était de 25 %. Dans ľautre institution, une crèche combinée avec un orphelinat, un cas avec des indications pour une paralysie avait lieu un mois plus tôt et il était suivi ?un cas de méningite aseptique, survenu juste avant cette investigation. Chez 32 sur 59 enfants, et chez 2 sur 34 membres du personnel, on a trouve une excrétion du poliovirus type 3. Ici, 50 % des individus avec une excrétion du virus produisaient des excréments avec du poliovirus positif 6 à 7 semaines après le début du cas de paralysie signalé, tandis que 10 à 11 semaines plus tard, ce pourcentage s'élevait encore à 7 %. Parmi les enfants examinés, on a également trouvé des infections ?autres agents. Ainsi, les microbes pathogènes dans les deux épidémies étaient courants, e...

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Spread of polioviruses in the families of patients

As¹,

Dekking²,

Ac³

1959

Archiv f Virusforschung

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The main still unexplained aspect of the epidemiology of poliomyelitis is the question, whether for the genesis of epidemics only the spread of the viruses and the immunity status of the population are responsible or whether there are other factors necessary to start an epidemic. The preference of the disease for the summer and autumn months in epidemics as well as in the interepidemic periods is well known. In this polio season also the viruses circulate more widely in the community. This could be demonstrated by Fox e. a. (1) in the healthy families which were under constant supervision for the presence of polioviruses. From sewage polioviruses could be isolated only in summer and autumn (Kelly e. a.) (2).The poliomyelitis accident in Idaho (3) caused by the Cutter vaccin containing live virus did not grow out to a large scale epidemic presumably because it happened in the unfavourable month of April.There can be two explanations for the seasonal predisposition for poliomyelitis epidemics :1. Climatic conditions could favour the spread of the viruses and thereby the frequency of the disease; 2. the weather could influence the resistance of the host or the aggressiveness of the parasite.With these problems in mind a study was made of the spread of the poliovirnses and the immunity status in the families of poliomyelitis patients. MaterialFrom Dec. 1956--Sept. 1958 266 cases of poliomyelitis were notified in the Netherlands of whom 53 (20%) were nonparalytic. Our study was limited to 104 patients of whom 15 suffered from a non-paralytic form (15%). These patients belonged to 101 families and in 74 the diagnosis was confirmed by

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Environmental Studies Op Endemic Enteric Virus Infections: Ii. Poliovirus Infections in Household Units12

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Unraveling the social ecology of polio

Unraveling the social ecology of polio

Infections with Poliovirus Types 2 and 3 in Day Nurseries and an Orphanage

Spread of polioviruses in the families of patients

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