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Investigations of birds trapped at the Ottenby Bird Station on the island of eland in the Baltic Sea demonstrated that ticks are carried by numerous bird species, particularly Passeriformes. The resident bird population as well as birds undertaking migration were found to be infested. So far among birds undertaking long-range migration infestation was made probable only for individuals coming in from the south in spring. The tick species most commonly encountered was Ixodes ricinus, while I. arboricola and Hyalomma marginarum were occasionally represented, the last mentioned in but a single case. Infestation rates during autumn migration were: in early August, 0 % (62 birds of 7 species examined), in September 8.8% (136 birds of 14 species), and in October 5.4% (93 birds of 11 species). In most cases only one or a few ticks were taken off each bird. The maximum numbers were as follows: 49 I. ricinus on a Blackbird, 54 1. arboricola and 13 I. ricinus on a Starling and 65 I. ricinus on a Blackbird. Only larval and nymphal ticks were encountered, except 1 9 of I. arboricola.

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Strains of enterovirus 71 and echovirus type 4 containing aggregates which were poorly neutralized by antibody in cell lines of green monkey kidney origin such as Vero and GMK‐AH1, were as easily neutralized as non‐aggregated strains when grown in human RD cells. The explanation for this may be a lesser degree of aggregation of viral materials originating from RD cells and/or the use of lower doses of virus for neutralization tests in such cells. The latter was a consequence of a higher sensitivity of RD cells to minimal amounts of virus than that shown by Vero and GMK‐AH1 cells. Thus, virus grown in RD, Vero or GMK‐AH1 cells reached a titre 10 to 100 times higher in RD cells than in the other cell lines.