Experimental Infection With Tick‐borne Encephalitis Virus in Clethrionomys Glareolus, Apodemus Flavicollis, Apodemus Sylvaticus and Mus Musculus

Heigl, Zdenka; Zeipel, G. Von

doi:10.1111/apm.1966.66.4.489

Cited by 19 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Similarly, there was no species effect on the TBEV seroprevalence despite A. flavicollis being found to be more infested by ticks in this study (especially in spring when A. flavicollis is abundant). This apparent contrast may result from a difference in the immune response between species with a lower TBEV antibody titre and persistence in A. flavicollis compared with M. glareolus [ 7 , 45 , 51 , 62 , 63 ]. We could then have expected to see an annual or seasonal difference in the infection probability per species, but our sample size of rodents was probably too small to detect a significant difference given the low seroprevalence of rodents, the low persistence of the antibodies, and the low DIN.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ticks can also become infected while feeding on a host during the viraemic phase (systemic transmission). However, the duration of viraemia among small mammals and thus their infectivity to ticks are commonly considered short (two to nine days) [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. A recent experimental study in bank voles ( Myodes glareolus ) suggests that viraemia might last up to 28 days, and therefore be longer than previously thought, but infectivity to ticks was not tested [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus: Seasonal and Annual Variation of Epidemiological Parameters Related to Nymph-to-Larva Transmission and Exposure of Small Mammals

et al. 2020

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A greater knowledge of the ecology of the natural foci of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is essential to better assess the temporal variations of the risk of tick-borne encephalitis for humans. To describe the seasonal and inter-annual variations of the TBEV-cycle and the epidemiological parameters related to TBEV nymph-to-larva transmission, exposure of small mammals to TBEV, and tick aggregation on small mammals, a longitudinal survey in ticks and small mammals was conducted over a 3-year period in a mountain forest in Alsace, eastern France. TBEV prevalence in questing nymphs was lower in 2013 than in 2012 and 2014, probably because small mammals (Myodes glareolus and Apodemus flavicollis) were more abundant in 2012, which reduced tick aggregation and co-feeding transmission between ticks. The prevalence of TBEV in questing nymphs was higher in autumn than spring. Despite these variations in prevalence, the density of infected questing nymphs was constant over time, leading to a constant risk for humans. The seroprevalence of small mammals was also constant over time, although the proportion of rodents infested with ticks varied between years and seasons. Our results draw attention to the importance of considering the complex relationship between small mammal densities, tick aggregation on small mammals, density of infected questing nymphs, and prevalence of infected nymphs in order to forecast the risk of TBEV for humans.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus: Seasonal and Annual Variation of Epidemiological Parameters Related to Nymph-to-Larva Transmission and Exposure of Small Mammals

et al. 2020

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“…However, the virus is generally only present for a few days at a sufficiently high concentration in the blood of infected rodents to enable the infection of ticks. This may not be enough time or high enough dose to infect a sufficient number of ticks to maintain the transmission cycle of TBEV [8,45-47]. However, recent field and laboratory research in Germany shows that TBEV in the common vole Microtus arvalis is detectable in different organs for at least 3 months, and in the blood for 1 month after infection [47].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why is tick-borne encephalitis increasing? A review of the key factors causing the increasing incidence of human TBE in Sweden

et al. 2012

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The highest annual incidence of human tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Sweden ever recorded by the Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control (SMI) occurred last year, 2011. The number of TBE cases recorded during 2012 up to 6th August 2012 indicates that the incidence for 2012 could exceed that of 2011. In this review of the ecology and epidemiology of TBE in Sweden our main aim is to analyse the possible reasons behind the gradually increasing incidence of human TBE during the last 20 years. The main TBE virus (TBEV) vector to humans in Sweden is the nymphal stage of the common tick Ixodes ricinus. The main mode of transmission and maintenance of TBEV in the tick population is considered to be when infective nymphs co-feed with uninfected but infectible larvae on rodents. In most locations the roe deer, Capreolus capreolus is the main host for the reproducing adult I. ricinus ticks. The high number of roe deer for more than three decades has resulted in a very large tick population. Deer numbers have, however, gradually declined from the early 1990s to the present. This decline in roe deer numbers most likely made the populations of small rodents, which are reservoir-competent for TBEV, gradually more important as hosts for the immature ticks. Consequently, the abundance of TBEV-infected ticks has increased. Two harsh winters in 2009–2011 caused a more abrupt decline in roe deer numbers. This likely forced a substantial proportion of the “host-seeking” ticks to feed on bank voles (Myodes glareolus), which at that time suddenly had become very numerous, rather than on roe deer. Thus, the bank vole population peak in 2010 most likely caused many tick larvae to feed on reservoir-competent rodents. This presumably resulted in increased transmission of TBEV among ticks and therefore increased the density of infected ticks the following year. The unusually warm, humid weather and the prolonged vegetation period in 2011 permitted nymphs and adult ticks to quest for hosts nearly all days of that year. These weather conditions stimulated many people to spend time outdoors in areas where they were at risk of being attacked by infective nymphs. This resulted in at least 284 human cases of overt TBE. The tick season of 2012 also started early with an exceptionally warm March. The abundance of TBEV-infective “hungry” ticks was presumably still relatively high. Precipitation during June and July was rich and will lead to a “good mushroom season”. These factors together are likely to result in a TBE incidence of 2012 similar to or higher than that of 2011.

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“…Ernek et al (8) established that the maximum duration of viremia for Clethrionomys glareolus was 5 days. Heigl and Zeipel (10) showed that for C. glareolus, Apodemus sylvaticus and A. jTavicollis, viremia occurred on the first through third day after inoculation. The same results were obtained by Chunikhin et al (6) working with C. glareolus.…”

Section: Ixodes Ricinusmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Alsatian tick-borne encephalitis focus: Presence of the virus among ticks and small mammals

1992

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An extensive epidemiologic survey was carried out from 1970 to 1974 in order to understand the condition of circulation of tick-borne encephalitis virus between ticks and small mammals in the Alsatian focus, France. The virus has been isolated from Ixodes ricinus adult ticks (30 lots out of 369, representing a total of 5617 ticks), and from Ixodes ricinus nymphs (4 lots out of 251, representing a total of 8587 ticks). The virus has also been isolated from 11 pools of rodent organs (out of 3361 rodents), and HI antibodies were detected in 21 out of 8735 rodent specimens. The virus has never been detected in rodent blood, nor in 10,298 ticks collected engorged from 1505 vertebrate hosts. These results show that Alsatian tick-borne encephalitis focus is stable since the activity of the virus is detected every year, and that the focus is an extended one since the virus is isolated from 5 of 6 study sites, as well as in several control sites.

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Experimental Infection With Tick‐borne Encephalitis Virus in Clethrionomys Glareolus, Apodemus Flavicollis, Apodemus Sylvaticus and Mus Musculus

Cited by 19 publications

References 8 publications

Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus: Seasonal and Annual Variation of Epidemiological Parameters Related to Nymph-to-Larva Transmission and Exposure of Small Mammals

Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus: Seasonal and Annual Variation of Epidemiological Parameters Related to Nymph-to-Larva Transmission and Exposure of Small Mammals

Why is tick-borne encephalitis increasing? A review of the key factors causing the increasing incidence of human TBE in Sweden

The Alsatian tick-borne encephalitis focus: Presence of the virus among ticks and small mammals

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