Environmental Temperature on the Vector Competence of Culex univittatus (Diptera: Culicidae) for West Nile Virus

Cornel, Anton J.; Jupp, P. G.; Blackburn, N. K.

doi:10.1093/jmedent/30.2.449

Cited by 96 publications

(65 citation statements)

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“…Therefore, studies may need to be conducted that evaluate mosquitoes after a longer period of extrinsic incubation. Likewise, environmental temperatures are known to inßuence vector competence for arboviruses in general, and WNV in particular (Jupp 1974, Cornel et al 1993, Dohm et al 2002. Therefore, additional studies are needed to determine the impact of environmental temperature on the ability of North American mosquitoes to transmit WNV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Update on the Potential of North American Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to Transmit West Nile Virus

Turell

Dohm

Sardelis³

et al. 2005

J Med Entomol

530

358

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Since Þrst discovered in the New York City area in 1999, West Nile virus (WNV) has become established over much of the continental United States and has been responsible for Ͼ10,000 cases of severe disease and 400 human fatalities, as well as thousands of fatal infections in horses. To develop appropriate surveillance and control strategies, the identiÞcation of which mosquito species are competent vectors and how various factors inßuence their ability to transmit this virus must be determined. Therefore, we evaluated numerous mosquito species for their ability to transmit WNV under laboratory conditions. This report contains data for several mosquito species not reported previously, as well as a summary of transmission data compiled from previously reported studies. Mosquitoes were allowed to feed on chickens infected with WNV isolated from a crow that died during the 1999 outbreak in New York City. These mosquitoes were tested Ϸ2 wk later to determine infection, dissemination, and transmission rates. All Culex species tested were competent vectors in the laboratory and varied from highly efÞcient vectors (e.g., Culex tarsalis Coquillett) to moderately efÞcient ones (e.g., Culex nigripalpus Theobald). Nearly all of the Culex species tested could serve as efÞcient enzootic or amplifying vectors for WNV. Several container-breeding Aedes and Ochlerotatus species were highly efÞcient vectors under laboratory conditions, but because of their feeding preferences, would probably not be involved in the maintenance of WNV in nature. However, they would be potential bridge vectors between the avianÐCulex cycle and mammalian hosts. In contrast, most of the surface pool-breeding Aedes and Ochlerotatus species tested were relatively inefÞcient vectors under laboratory conditions and would probably not play a signiÞcant role in transmitting WNV in nature. In determining the potential for a mosquito species to become involved in transmitting WNV, it is necessary to consider not only its laboratory vector competence but also its abundance, host-feeding preference, involvement with other viruses with similar transmission cycles, and whether WNV has been isolated from this species under natural conditions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Update on the Potential of North American Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to Transmit West Nile Virus

Turell

Dohm

Sardelis³

et al. 2005

J Med Entomol

530

358

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“…Temperature influences a number of diseaserelated parameters such as disease distribution (Guernier, Hochberg, & Guégan, 2004), transmission seasons (e.g. malaria, Hay, Guerra, Tatem, Noor, & Snow, 2004), the ability of insect vectors to transmit diseases (Cornel, Jupp, & Blackburn, 1993) and the development and survival of parasites and host susceptibility (Harvell, et al, 2002). It may be that temperature is having an effect on national mean IQ by mediating the response to infectious diseases rather than via environmental complexity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical inference and spatial patterns in correlates of IQ

Hassall

Sherratt

2011

Intelligence

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Cross-national comparisons of IQ have become common since the release of a large dataset of international IQ scores. However, these studies have consistently failed to consider the potential lack of independence of these scores based on spatial proximity. To demonstrate the importance of this omission, we present a re-evaluation of several hypotheses put forward to explain variation in mean IQ among nations namely: (i) distance from central Africa, (ii) temperature, (iii) parasites, (iv) nutrition, (v) education, and (vi) GDP. We quantify the strength of spatial autocorrelation (SAC) in the predictors, response variables and the residuals of multiple regression models explaining national mean IQ. We outline a procedure for the control of SAC in such analyses and highlight the differences in the results before and after control for SAC. We find that incorporating additional terms to control for spatial interdependence increases the fit of models with no loss of parsimony. Support is provided for the finding that a national index of parasite burden and national IQ are strongly linked and temperature also features strongly in the models. However, we tentatively recommend a physiological via impacts on host-parasite interactions rather than evolutionary explanation for the effect of temperature. We present this study primarily to highlight the danger of ignoring autocorrelation in spatially extended data, and outline an appropriate approach should a spatially explicit analysis be considered necessary.

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“…In common with many other arboviruses, a temperature dependent "extrinsic period" then ensues, during which virus must replicate and enter the salivary glands of the mosquitoes. Typically, this period is around two weeks during warm periods, but is sensitive to both temperature and humidity [9,28]. After this period, if the cycle is to be maintained, sufficient numbers of infected mosquitoes must then feed again on susceptible hosts.…”

Section: Ecologymentioning

confidence: 99%

West Nile virus infection of horses

2004

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-West Nile virus (WNV) is a flavivirus closely related to Japanese encephalitis and St. Louis encephalitis viruses that is primarily maintained in nature by transmission cycles between mosquitoes and birds. Occasionally, WNV infects and causes disease in other vertebrates, including humans and horses. West Nile virus has re-emerged as an important pathogen as several recent outbreaks of encephalomyelitis have been reported from different parts of Europe in addition to the large epidemic that has swept across North America. This review summarises the main features of WNV infection in the horse, with reference to complementary information from other species, highlighting the most recent scientific findings and identifying areas that require further research.

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Environmental Temperature on the Vector Competence of Culex univittatus (Diptera: Culicidae) for West Nile Virus

Cited by 96 publications

References 0 publications

An Update on the Potential of North American Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to Transmit West Nile Virus

An Update on the Potential of North American Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to Transmit West Nile Virus

Statistical inference and spatial patterns in correlates of IQ

West Nile virus infection of horses

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