Environmentalism in Brazil: A Historical Perspective

Pádua, José Augusto

doi:10.1002/9781118279519.ch25

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…In this phase, also the environmental agenda gained momentum. In 1992, the UNCED in Rio de Janeiro consolidated a sustainable development agenda putting the spotlight on tropical deforestation, indigenous rights, and climate change (Pádua 2012 ). In its wake, environmental NGOs and organizations representing local forest users such as the Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin (COICA) emerged.…”

Section: Amazonian Discourses: Policies–markets Timelinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forest frontiers out of control: The long-term effects of discourses, policies, and markets on conservation and development of the Brazilian Amazon

Pokorny

Pacheco

Jong

et al. 2021

Ambio

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With the Brazilian military governments of the 1960s, systematic economic development of the Amazon began. Social and environmental concerns have entered Amazonian discourses and policies only since the 1990s. Since then, reports of threats to forests and indigenous people have alternated with reports of socio-economic progress and environmental achievements. These contradictions often arise from limited thematic, sectoral, temporal, or spatial perspectives, and lead to misinterpretation. Our paper offers a comprehensive picture of discourses, policies, and socio-environmental dynamics for the entire region over the last five decades. We distinguish eight historical policy phases, each of which had little effect on near-linear dynamics of demographic growth and land-use expansion, although some policies showed the potential to change the course of development. To prevent local, national, and international actors from continuing to assert harmful interests in the region, a coherent long-term commitment and change in the collective mindset are needed.

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Section: Amazonian Discourses: Policies–markets Timelinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forest frontiers out of control: The long-term effects of discourses, policies, and markets on conservation and development of the Brazilian Amazon

Pokorny

Pacheco

Jong

et al. 2021

Ambio

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“…Chaminés fumegantes eram sinônimos de desenvolvimento e riqueza para estratos privilegiados da sociedade, mas representavam também empregos e 25 Guimarães Filho (2000), Urban (2001, p. 44-47, 73-74), Com um... (1972, p. 82). Para as primeiras associações ainda nos anos 1970, ver Alonso, Costa e Maciel (2007, p. 151-1670, Pádua (2012. 26 Ab'Saber (1982, p. 20-21), Kucinski (1982, p. 11-24), Naoum, Mourão e Ruiz (1984, p. 271-277), Zolnerkevic (2010, p. 6-11).…”

Section: Conclusão: O Sorriso Do Ministrounclassified

“Turn to pollute”: poluição atmosférica e modelo de desenvolvimento no “milagre” brasileiro (1967-1973)

Duarte

2015

Tempo

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ResumoEm 1972, durante a Conferência de Estocolmo, a oposição do Brasil às propostas de regulamentação ambiental despertou fortes críticas internacionais. Este artigo discute as conexões entre a ditadura civil-militar, o milagre econômico e a política ambiental brasileira entre 1967 e 1973, com foco na poluição atmosférica. Como outros países latino-americanos, o Brasil enfrentava dilemas entre desenvolvimento e qualidade ambiental. Algumas instituições propuseram soluções diversas para o tema, como Cepal e Redpanaire, ambas agên-cias das Nações Unidas na América Latina. A polêmica da poluição atmosférica explicita as contradições do regime civil-militar brasileiro, que justificava a poluição como meio para o desenvolvimento e a luta contra a pobreza ao mesmo tempo em que adotava políticas que resultaram em concentração de riqueza. Enquanto o poder de compra e a qualidade de vida das elites cresciam rapidamente, a maioria da população brasileira experimentou altas taxas de mortalidade infantil, más condições de saúde, ambientes degradados e significativas perdas salariais. A ditadura deixou para o Brasil um duplo legado de aprofundamento da desigualdade social e da degradação ambiental. Palavras-chave: poluição atmosférica; Conferência de Estocolmo; política ambiental. "Turn to pollute": air pollution and development model during the Brazilian "miracle" (1967-1973) Abstract In 1972, at the Stockholm Conference, Brazilian opposition to environmental regulation proposals aroused strong criticism. This article discusses the connections between the civil-military dictatorship, the economic "miracle" and the Brazilian environmental politics from 1967 to 1973, focusing on air pollution. As other Latin American countries, Brazil was facing dilemmas between development and environmental conservation. International institutions took action in the region, proposing different solutions to this issue, as Cepal and Redpanaire, both agencies of the United Nations in Latin America. The air pollution quandary made explicit the contradictions of the civil-military Brazilian regime, which justified the pollution as a means for development and fighting poverty, at the same time that adopted policies that resulted in wealth concentration. While the elites buying power and quality of life grew rapidly, most of the Brazilian population experienced high rates of infant mortality, poor health and environmental conditions, and a significant drop in real minimum wages. At the end of the dictatorship, Brazil inherited a legacy of both social inequality and environmental degradation. Key-words: air pollution; Stockholm Conference; environmental policy. "Turn to pollute": la contaminación atmosférica y el modelo de desarrollo en el "milagro" brasileño (1967-1973) ResumenEn 1972, durante la Conferencia de Estocolmo, la oposición de Brasil a las propuestas de regulación ambiental provocó fuertes críticas internacionales. Este artículo analiza las conexiones entre la dictadura cívico-militar, el milagro económico y la política ambiental brasil...

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“…Brazil, one of the world's most unequal countries in terms of both land access and income distribution (Carter 2015, 7), 3 has often been represented as one possessing an "agrarian vocation, " best put to economic use by large-scale monoculture for export-oriented production (Linhares and Silva 1981), and the possibility of a progressive land reform has systematically been hampered. In 1964, a sordid twenty-one year military dictatorship, with its ideals of "conservative modernization, " set it on the path of increased indus-trialization, mass urbanization and rural exodus, and rapid ecological deterioration of its hinterlands and forests (Fearnside 2017;Pádua 2017) without substantial reform to the system of land tenure. 4 Another central element of Brazil's dictatorship era was the mass transition to industrialized agriculture.…”

Section: Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Agroecology obviously has strong political connotations, even for those who normatively disagree; the MST's "Green Turn" thus has to be understood in its political context. In the early 1990s, the MST as an organization had to face three sets of problems within its agricultural ideal, then based on conventional production and collective work: first, opposition to its chosen agricultural matrix from Brazil's emergent environmental movement, which increasingly denounced the impacts of the Green Revolution in Brazil, 21 (A. Delgado 2009) and within 21 As explained by historian José Augusto Pádua (2012), Brazilian debates about environmental degradation and preservation had largely taken place between intellectuals and scien tists since the 18th century, and, aside from limited measures such as the creation of a few national parks and the Forest Code in the 1930s, there had been relatively little extension of these conversations to the general population before the 1960s. A few environmental organizations emerged in Brazil in the 1960s and 1970s, such as the conservationist Fundação brasileira para a conservação da natureza in 1958, Associação Gaúcha de Proteção ao Ambiente Natural in 1972, Movimento arte e pensamento ecológico in 1973 and Associação Paulista de Protecção Natural in 1976.…”

Section: Agroecology In the Mst's Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

Constructing Legitimacy: The W3C's Patent Policy

Russell¹

2011

Opening Standards

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Part I -Setting the stage Chapter 1: IntroductionAgroecology is a much more rewarding (recompensado) way of life in terms of… well-being, of living well, you know? I already left the countryside one time, to live in the city, but I didn't manage to adapt to the routine, to the structure. So I want to live in the countryside, to live well.-Ariane, agroecology student and Landless activist from the Northeast Region of BrazilWe stand now where two roads diverge. But unlike the roads in Robert Frost's familiar poem, they are not equally fair. The road we have long been traveling is deceptively easy, a smooth superhighway on which we progress with great speed, but at its end lies disaster.The other fork of the road -the one 'less traveled by' -offers our last, our only chance to reach a destination that assures the preservation of our earth. The choice, after all, is ours to make.-Rachel Carson, Silent Spring People are by far the most difficult thing to understand within agroecology.-Reinaldo, agroecology student and Landless activist from Western Brazil OvertureApril 2018. I am sitting in the shade with Amadeus, 1 a farmer in his early fifties, close to the house he shares with his wife Lidia, their twin sons, and his older brother Isaac. They live in a southern Brazilian land reform settlement called Terra Prometida. They are members of the Rural Landless Workers' movement (MST), reputedly one of Latin America's largest social movements, and practitioners of the type of agriculture the MST advocates for: agroecology. Over on the other side 1 Interviewed 06/04/2018 in L_, Brazil. All research participants' names were changed for privacy reasons.

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Environmentalism in Brazil: A Historical Perspective

Cited by 6 publications

References 8 publications

Forest frontiers out of control: The long-term effects of discourses, policies, and markets on conservation and development of the Brazilian Amazon

Forest frontiers out of control: The long-term effects of discourses, policies, and markets on conservation and development of the Brazilian Amazon

“Turn to pollute”: poluição atmosférica e modelo de desenvolvimento no “milagre” brasileiro (1967-1973)

Constructing Legitimacy: The W3C's Patent Policy

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