Environmentally friendly recycling and effective repairing of cathode powders from spent LiFePO<sub>4</sub> batteries

Chen, Jiangping; Li, Qingwen; Song, Jinbao; Song, Dawei; Zhang, Lianqi; Shi, Xianxing

doi:10.1039/c5gc02650d

Cited by 249 publications

(134 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Among these, co-precipitation is the most efficient technique for the recovery of more than one metal (mixed metal) due to a higher level of homogeneity and spherical/sphere-like products [44]. Based on our literature study, the hydrometallurgical method has been successfully applied to the recycling and resynthesis of LCO, LFP, and NMC [7,9,41,45]. However, there remains a lack of research into the recycling and resynthesis of NCA material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Fast Metals Recovery Method for the Synthesis of Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide Material from Cathode Waste

Muzayanha

Yudha

Nur

et al. 2019

Metals

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An approach for a fast recycling process for Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (NCA) cathode scrap material without the presence of a reducing agent was proposed. The combination of metal leaching using strong acids (HCl, H2SO4, HNO3) and mixed metal hydroxide co-precipitation followed by heat treatment was investigated to resynthesize NCA. The most efficient leaching with a high solid loading rate (100 g/L) was obtained using HCl, resulting in Ni, Co, and Al leaching efficiencies of 99.8%, 95.6%, and 99.5%, respectively. The recycled NCA (RNCA) was successfully synthesized and in good agreement with JCPDS Card #87-1562. The highly crystalline RNCA presents the highest specific discharge capacity of a full cell (RNCA vs. Graphite) of 124.2 mAh/g with capacity retention of 96% after 40 cycles. This result is comparable with commercial NCA. Overall, this approach is faster than that in the previous study, resulting in more efficient and facile treatment of the recycling process for NCA waste and providing 35 times faster processing.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Fast Metals Recovery Method for the Synthesis of Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide Material from Cathode Waste

Muzayanha

Yudha

Nur

et al. 2019

Metals

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“…Spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are secondary sources of valuable metals (Xu et al, 2008). Methods are being developed to recycle to preserve resources and protect the environment (Chen et al, 2016), but no efficient recycling process for LIBs currently exists (Zeng et al, 2012). It is imperative to find an economical and eco-friendly method as well as optimizing the current strategies (Ferreira et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries through optimization of organic acids produced by Aspergillus niger

2017

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In the present study, spent medium bioleaching method was performed using organic acids produced by Aspergillus niger to dissolve Ni, Co, Mn, Li, Cu and Al from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Response surface methodology was used to investigate the effects and interactions between the effective factors of sucrose concentration, initial pH, and inoculum size to optimize organic acid production. Maximum citric acid, malic acid, and gluconic acid concentrations of 26,478, 1832.53 and 8433.76ppm, respectively, and a minimum oxalic acid concentration of 305.558ppm were obtained under optimal conditions of 116.90 (gl) sucrose concentration, 3.45% (vv) inoculum size, and a pH value of 5.44. Biogenically-produced organic acids are used for leaching of spent LIBs at different pulp densities. The highest metal recovery of 100% Cu, 100% Li, 77% Mn, and 75% Al occurred at 2% (wv) pulp density; 64% Co and 54% Ni recovery occurred at 1% (wv) pulp density. The bioleaching of metals from spent LIBs can decrease the environmental impact of this waste. The results of this study suggest that the process can be used for large scale industrial purposes.

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“…1 C corresponds to full charge or discharge in 1 h.) versus Li 0 [69]. This process was improved by Chen et al [213] and Li et al [97] at pilot scale by introducing a lithium precursor and a reducing gas during the thermal treatment. In this way, the depleted cathodic material was replenished with lithium.…”

Section: Direct Recycling Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond

et al. 2020

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An exponential market growth of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) has been observed in the past 20 years; approximately 670,000 tons of LIBs have been sold in 2017 alone. This trend will continue owing to the growing interest of consumers for electric vehicles, recent engagement of car manufacturers to produce them, recent developments in energy storage facilities, and commitment of governments for the electrification of transportation. Although some limited recycling processes were developed earlier after the commercialization of LIBs, these are inadequate in the context of sustainable development. Therefore, significant efforts have been made to replace the commonly employed pyrometallurgical recycling method with a less detrimental approach, such as hydrometallurgical, in particular sulfate-based leaching, or direct recycling. Sulfate-based leaching is the only large-scale hydrometallurgical method currently used for recycling LIBs and serves as baseline for several pilot or demonstration projects currently under development. Conversely, most project and processes focus only on the recovery of Ni, Co, Mn, and less Li, and are wasting the iron phosphate originating from lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries. Although this battery type does not dominate the LIB market, its presence in the waste stream of LIBs causes some technical concerns that affect the profitability of current recycling processes. This review explores the current processes and alternative solutions to pyrometallurgy, including novel selective leaching processes or direct recycling approaches.

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Environmentally friendly recycling and effective repairing of cathode powders from spent LiFePO₄ batteries

Abstract: Extensive use of LiFePO4 batteries will afford a lot of spent LiFePO4 batteries, which cannot be recycled properly by using traditional processes at present.

Cited by 249 publications

References 21 publications

A Fast Metals Recovery Method for the Synthesis of Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide Material from Cathode Waste

A Fast Metals Recovery Method for the Synthesis of Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide Material from Cathode Waste

Enhanced recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries through optimization of organic acids produced by Aspergillus niger

Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond

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Environmentally friendly recycling and effective repairing of cathode powders from spent LiFePO4 batteries

Abstract: Extensive use of LiFePO4 batteries will afford a lot of spent LiFePO4 batteries, which cannot be recycled properly by using traditional processes at present.

Cited by 249 publications

References 21 publications

A Fast Metals Recovery Method for the Synthesis of Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide Material from Cathode Waste

A Fast Metals Recovery Method for the Synthesis of Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide Material from Cathode Waste

Enhanced recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries through optimization of organic acids produced by Aspergillus niger

Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond

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Environmentally friendly recycling and effective repairing of cathode powders from spent LiFePO₄ batteries