Enzymatic Electrosynthesis: An Overview on the Progress in Enzyme- Electrodes for the Production of Electricity, Fuels and Chemicals

Abstract

Recent interest in the field of biocommodities production through bioelectrochemical systems has generated interest in the enzyme catalyzed redox reactions. Enzyme catalyzed electrodes are well established as sensors and power generators. However, a paradigm shift in recent science towards the production of useful chemicals has changed the face of biofuel cells, keeping the fuels or chemicals production in the upfront. This review article comprehensively presents the progress in the field of enzyme-electrodes for the production of electricity, fuels and chemicals with an aim to represent a practical outline for understanding the use of single or multiple redox enzymes as electrocatalysts for their electron transfer onto electrodes. It also provides the state-of-the-art information regarding the different existing processes to fabricate enzyme electrodes. Successfully-achieved electroenzymatic anodic and cathodic reactions are further discussed, together with their potential applications. Particular focus was made on the novel single/multiple enzyme systems towards product synthesis and other applications. Finally, techno-economic and environmental elements for industrial processing with enzyme catalyzed bioelectrochemical system (e-BES) are anticipated, in order to provide useful strategies for further development of this technology.

Local removal of oxygen for NAD(P)+ detection in aerated solutions

“…As shown in Figure 5B, the addition of 0.25 mM of NAD + to the PBS solution with the above WE2 at -0.4 V resulted in an increase of the cathodic current together with a small negative shift of the cathodic peak from -0.65 V to -0.75 V (Fig. 5B, black curve), consistent with the literature [33], confirming the successful reduction of NAD + to NADH. Once again, NAD + detection was repeated with degassed solution by N2 bubbling, yielding very comparable voltammograms (Fig.…”

“…1. Introduction β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD + /NADH, and its phosphate derivative (NADP + /NADPH) have been widely studied for their application in electrochemical biosensor and bioelectrocatalysis [1][2][3][4][5]. Indeed, there exists a large variety of NAD-dependent redox enzymes that can catalyze the electrochemical oxidation or electrochemical reduction of a large range of substrate [6].…”

Litchi‐derived platinum group metal‐free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline media

“…Importantly also Ni-Fe complexes have shown important electroactivity toward HER by bio-mimicking dehydrogenase enzymes in nature. 34 In general, cathode electrocatalysts in both fuel cells and water electrolyzers are based on active sites integrated into the carbon skeleton, where the latter generally corresponds to 90%-99% of the entire electrocatalyst composition. The carbon backbone can be obtained by different precursors other than the one derived from petrochemical processes and in consequence can be derived from cleaner and cost-effective pathways.…”

“…It is noteworthy that, Ni belongs to the 10th group of the periodic table and therefore shares very similar electronic structures with Pd and Pt which are very effective electrocatalysts for the evolution of hydrogen. Importantly also Ni–Fe complexes have shown important electroactivity toward HER by bio‐mimicking dehydrogenase enzymes in nature 34 …”

Biohybride Architekturen für eine effiziente Umwandlung von Licht in elektrische Energie durch Integration von Photosystem I in skalierbare mesoporöse 3D Elektroden

“…Der Aufbau und die Entwicklung von Photobiohybrid-Elektroden aus Schlüsselkomponenten der natürlichen Photosynthese -vor allem aus den Proteinkomplexen der Lichtenergieumwandlung -sind in den letzten Jahren verstärkt vorangetrieben worden (Czechowski et al 2014, Sassolas et al 2012. Diese Biohybrid-Elektroden eignen sich für mögliche zukünftige Anwendungen wie photoschaltbare Biosensoren oder für photokatalytische oder photovoltaische Systeme und bilden die Grundlage einer biobasierten erneuerbaren Wirtschaft (Badura et al 2011a; Plumeré 2012; Leech et al 2012;Dominguez-Benetton et al 2013;Kothe et al 2013;Gordiichuk et al 2014;Operamolla et al 2015). Von der Natur lernend, sind gerade die Licht in Ladungsträger umwandelnden Proteine der oxygenen Photosynthese von Pflanzen und Cyanobakterien von großem Interesse für die Konstruktion von neuartigen funktionellen Systemen (Wang et al 2013).…”