Enzymatic formation of ions and their detection at a three-phase electrode

Abstract

An electrochemical method for the detection of enzymatically created anions is described that uses a thin-film electrode with decamethylferrocene as an electroactive redox probe. The enzymatic oxidation of glucose with enzyme glucose oxidase produces gluconic acid as a final product. The oxidation of decamethylferrocene dissolved in the thin-nitrobenzene film, that is spread on the working graphite electrode and submerged in the aqueous solution containing glucose and glucose oxidase, is followed by the up-take of gluconate anions from the aqueous phase to nitrobenzene. The peak currents of the square-wave voltammetric responses of that system are a linear function of the glucose concentration in the milimolar range from 0.1 mmol/L to 0.7 mmol/L (R 2 =0.994).

Voltammetric Insights in the Transfer of Ionizable Drugs Across Biomimetic Membranes - Recent Achievements

“…Inverse experiments for the evaluation of lipophilic parameters in water droplets immobilized on organic electrodes subsequently submersed into organic electrolyte solutions have also been used [43]. Other recent and important contributions in the field of ionic drug transfer studies, obtained by using the three-phase electrode, were reported by Opalo and Marken et al [44][45][46][47][48], Karyakin et al [49][50][51], Pereira et al [52], and Mirceski et al [53,54]. Detailed information on the application and fundaments of the threephase electrode process can be find in reviews by Scholz et al [7,8] and Marken [6] reviews.…”

Thiol anchoring and catalysis of gold nanoparticles at the liquid interface of thin-organic film-modified electrodes

“…the three-phase electrodes) [2], are a useful tool for studying complex electrochemical processes where the electrode reaction is coupled with an ion-transfer across a L/L interface. Their application ranges from determination of thermodynamic [2,3] and kinetic parameters of ion [4,5] and/or electron transfers [1,6], mechanistic [7] and biomimetic studies of membrane processes [8], to bioelectroanalysis [9,10]. Besides, it has been demonstrated that TFE are an excellent scaffold for studying metal nanoparticle deposition at the L/L interfaces [11], which is a unique environment due to its molecular smoothness [12].…”