Enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosic materials after treatment with supercritical carbon dioxide

Ultrasound-assisted acid hydrolysis of cassava (Manihot esculenta) bagasse: Kinetics, acoustic field and structural effects

“…The staining technique using toluidine blue imparted metachromatic properties to the samples treated using the different technologies. Shades of blue or green indicate the presence of phenolic compounds, such as lignin [33] . It could be easily observed that the larger fibers are mainly made up of cellulose and hemicellulose with the presence of lignin.…”

Supercritical Fluids: A Promising Technique for Biomass Pretreatment and Fractionation

“…The poor performance of this later strategy might have been due to the harsh conditions used for steam explosion, which overshadowed the possible benefits of scCO 2 by removing hemicelluloses almost completely and redistributing the lignin component in such a way to produce substrates with high accessibility to enzymatic hydrolysis. Santos et al (2011) investigated the alkaline delignification of sugarcane bagasse and compared it with a two-stage pretreatment process using alkaline delignification followed by scCO 2 . In the first stage, the biomass was cooked in a caustic solution (0.20 g NaOH·g −1 of bagasse in 100 mL of distilled water at 100 • C for 60 min), washed with distilled water until neutrality and dried at 37 • C. Finally, at the second stage, scCO 2 was applied at 160 bar for 60 min.…”

Evaluation of the acid pretreatment of agroindustrial waste assisted by high-intensity ultrasound for further bioethanol production

“…The lower is the cavitation activity, the lower the erosion on the liquid-solid interface. Thus, extending the sonication time over the Shades of blue or green indicates the presence of phenolic compounds such as lignin (Santos et al, 2011). It could be strongly observed in the bigger fibers that they are mainly composed by cellulose and hemicellulose involved by lignin.…”