Enzymatic synthesis of galacto-oligosaccharides and other lactose derivatives (hetero-oligosaccharides) from lactose

Influences of structures of galactooligosaccharides and fructooligosaccharides on the fermentation in vitro by human intestinal microbiota

“…GOS is produced from lactose by the action of β-D-galactosidase with transgalactosylation activity. The linkage between the galactosyl units, the efficiency of transgalactosylation and the composition of a GOS mixture depend on the source of enzymes and the conditions used in the reaction (Gänzle, 2012;Rodriguez-Colinas, Fernandez-Arrojo, Ballesteros, & Plou, 2014). For the synthesis of β-(1→4)-linked galactosyl transfer products, β-D-galactosidase from Bacillus circulans is used (Li, Sun, Ye, & Zeng, 2010;Li et al, 2009), while β-D-galactosidase derived from Aspergillus oryzae is employed for the synthesis of β-(1→6)-linked galactosyl transfer products (Huerta, Vera, Guerrero, Wilson, & Illanes, 2011).…”

Galactooligosaccharide Production from Pantoea anthophila Strains Isolated from “Tejuino”, a Mexican Traditional Fermented Beverage

“…Thus, the ratio of the hydrolytic and transferase activities depends on the type of enzyme, concentration of substrate, and reaction conditions (pH, temperature, and time) [10]. Normally, transferase activity is favored at high lactose concentration and elevated temperature [11] and the type of glycosidic bond formed between the galactose moieties depends on the type of the enzyme [12]. Most of the galactosyltransferase enzymes tend to predominantly form GOS with β (1 → 6), β (1 → 3), or β (1 → 4) linkages [13].…”

Sequential optimization approach for prebiotic galactooligosaccharides synthesis by Pseudozyma tsukubaensis and Pichia kluyveri

“…Intanon et al (2014), Goslin, Stevens, Barber, Kentish, and Gras (2010), and Torres et al (2010) reviewed the progress, impact and advances made during the last decade in the biotechnological production of GOS, as well as their commercial applications. GOS are principally synthesized by an enzymatic transgalactosylation reaction from lactose by b-galactosidases from various microorganisms, obtaining complex mixtures of oligosaccharides with different glycosidic linkages and degrees of polymerization (Cardelle-Cobas et al, 2011;G€ anzle, 2012;Panesar, Panesar, Singh, Kennedy, & Kumar, 2006). It is known that some yeasts exhibit transgalactosylation activity, and efficient GOS synthesis by Sporobolomyces singularis (Ishikawa, Sakai, Ikemura, Matsumoto, & Abe, 2005), Kluyveromyces marxianus (Manera, Costa, Rodrigues, Kalil, & Maugeri Filho, 2010), Bullera singularis (Cho, Shin, & Bucke, 2003), Candida bombicola, Dekkera anomala, Shizosaccharomyces servazzii (Petrova & Kujumdzieva, 2010), Apiotrichum humicola, Cryptococcus laurentii, Kluyveromyces fragilis (Onishi, Yamashiro, & Yokozeki, 1995), Rhodotorula minuta, Sirobasidium magnum, Sterigmatomyces elviae (Onishi, Kira, & Yokozeki, 1996), among others, has been reported in the literature.…”

“…It is known that some yeasts exhibit transgalactosylation activity, and efficient GOS synthesis by Sporobolomyces singularis (Ishikawa, Sakai, Ikemura, Matsumoto, & Abe, 2005), Kluyveromyces marxianus (Manera, Costa, Rodrigues, Kalil, & Maugeri Filho, 2010), Bullera singularis (Cho, Shin, & Bucke, 2003), Candida bombicola, Dekkera anomala, Shizosaccharomyces servazzii (Petrova & Kujumdzieva, 2010), Apiotrichum humicola, Cryptococcus laurentii, Kluyveromyces fragilis (Onishi, Yamashiro, & Yokozeki, 1995), Rhodotorula minuta, Sirobasidium magnum, Sterigmatomyces elviae (Onishi, Kira, & Yokozeki, 1996), among others, has been reported in the literature. The structure and product ratio of GOS obtained by transgalactosylation reactions depends on the biocatalyst, as well as the conditions employed in the biotransformation reaction (Boon, Janssen, & Riet, 2000;G€ anzle, 2012;Hellerov a & Curda, 2009;Nakkharat, Kulbe, Yamabhai, & Haltrich, 2006). As for most reactions catalyzed by a biological entity, GOS production can be accomplished in various manners.…”