Enzymatic Synthesis of Isoprene from Dimethylallyl Diphosphate in Aspen Leaf Extracts

Silver, Gary M.; Fall, Ray

doi:10.1104/pp.97.4.1588

Cited by 183 publications

(139 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Control by light may explain the often-reported linkage between isoprene emission rate and the instantaneous photosynthesis rate (Sanadze 1969;Rasmussen and Jones 1973;Tingey et al 1987;Monson and Fall 1989;Sharkey 1990, 1993a;Monson et al 1991b). Temperature control is expressed through the temperature dependence of isoprene synthase, the enzyme that underlies isoprene biosynthesis (Silver and Fall 1991;. Using empirical measurements of the basal emission rate, biochemical models of the light dependence of photosynthetic electron transport, and Arrhenius-based models of the temperature dependence of enzymes, Guenther and co-workers have successfully simulated the instantaneous isoprene emission rate in several species (Guenther et al 1991(Guenther et al , 1993a.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental and developmental controls over the seasonal pattern of isoprene emission from aspen leaves

et al. 1994

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emergence. Leaves that emerged in July and developed in hot, midsummer temperatures emitted isoprene within 6 days. Leaves that had emerged during the cool spring, and had grown for several weeks without emitting isoprene, could be induced to emit isoprene within 2 h of exposure to 32°C. Continued exposure to warm temperatures resulted in a progressive increase in the isoprene emission rate. Thus, temperature appears to be an important determinant of the early season induction of isoprene emission. The seasonal pattern of isoprene emission was examined in trees growing along an elevational gradient in the Colorado Front Range (1829-2896 m). Trees at different elevations exhibited staggered patterns of bud-break and initiation of photosynthesis and isoprene emission in concert with the staggered onset of warm, springtime temperatures. The springtime induction of isoprene emission could be predicted at each of the three sites as the time after bud break required for cumulative temperatures above 0°C to reach approximately 400 degree days. Seasonal temperature acclimation of isoprene emission rate and photosynthesis rate was not observed. The temperature dependence of isoprene emission rate between 20 and 35°C could be accurately predicted during spring and summer using a single algorithm that describes the Arrhenius relationship of enzyme activity. From these results, it is concluded that the early season pattern of isoprene emission is controlled by prevailing temperature and its interaction with developmental processes. The late-season pattern is determined by controls over leaf nitrogen concentration, especially the depletion of leaf nitrogen during senescence. Following early-season induction, isoprene emission rates correlate with photosynthesis rates. During the season there is little acclimation to temperature, so that seasonal modeling simplifies to a single temperature-response algorithm.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental and developmental controls over the seasonal pattern of isoprene emission from aspen leaves

et al. 1994

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“…Another rational for a shift from monoterpene to isoprene emission during upcoming photosynthesis may be found in a relatively sharp pH optimum of monoterpene synthases at pH 6-7 , while isoprene synthase has a broad pH optimum around 8 (Silver & Fall 1991;Lehning et al 1999). As the chloroplast stroma of photosynthetically active leaves have pH values of 7.9-8.2 (e.g.…”

Section: Physiological Constraints (Supply Side Control)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Strong correlation between isoprene emission and gross photosynthetic capacity during leaf phenology of the tropical tree species Hymenaea courbaril with fundamental changes in volatile organic compounds emission composition during early leaf development

Kühn

Rottenberger

Biesenthal

et al. 2004

Plant Cell & Environment

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Changes of the volatile organic compounds (VOC) emission capacity and composition of different developmental stages of the tropical tree species Hymenaea courbaril were investigated under field conditions at a remote Amazonian rainforest site. The basal emission capacity of isoprene changed considerably over the course of leaf development, from young to mature and to senescent leaves, ultimately spanning a wide range of observed isoprene basal emission capacities from 0.7 to 111.5 m m m m g C g ---during the course of the year. By adjusting the standard emission factors for individual days, the diel courses of instantaneous isoprene emission rates could nevertheless adequately be modelled by a current isoprene algorithm. The results demonstrate the inadequacy of using one single standard emission factor to represent the VOC emission capacity of tropical vegetation for an entire seasonal cycle. A strong linear correlation between the isoprene emission capacity and the gross photosynthetic capacity (GP max ) covering all developmental stages and seasons was observed. The present results provide evidence that leaf photosynthetic properties may confer a valuable basis to model the seasonal variation of isoprenoid emission capacity; especially in tropical regions where the environmental conditions vary less than in temperate regions. In addition to induction and variability of isoprene emission during early leaf development, considerable amounts of monoterpenes were emitted in a light-dependent manner exclusively in the period between bud break and leaf maturity. The fundamental change in emission composition during this stage as a consequence of resource availability ( supply side control ) or as a plant's response to the higher defence demand of young emerging leaves ( demand-side control ) is discussed. The finding of a temporary emergence of monoterpene emission may be of general interest in understanding both the ecological functions of isoprenoid production and the regulatory processes involved.

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“…The assay for enzyme activity was performed in sealed, 4-mL glass vials from which headspace gas was withdrawn and analyzed by gas chromatography. Details of the assay procedure have been described elsewhere ( 17). The assay was conducted at different temperatures in parallel using several temperature-controlled water baths.…”

Section: Isoprene Synthase Assaymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A preparation of aspen leaf isoprene synthase was partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and ion exchange chromatography as described elsewhere (17). The enzyme catalyzes the Mg2"-dependent conversion of DMAPP to isoprene.…”

Section: Isoprene Synthase Assaymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, to date there are such scant data describing the potential relationship of isoprene emission rate to electron transport rate that any broad conclusions must remain tentative. An additional factor to consider in the regulation of isoprene emissions and its linkage to photosynthesis is the role of the enzyme isoprene synthase, which was recently reported in plant tissues and appears to underlie the conversion of DMAPP2 to isoprene (17 (6,10,19 (1,18). …”

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confidence: 99%

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Relationships among Isoprene Emission Rate, Photosynthesis, and Isoprene Synthase Activity as Influenced by Temperature

Monson¹,

Jaeger²,

Adams³

et al. 1992

Plant Physiol.

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281

212

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Isoprene emissions from the leaves of velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens L. var utilis) plants exhibited temperature response pattems that were dependent on the plant's growth temperature. Plants grown in a warm regimen (34/280C, day/night) exhibited a temperature optimum for emissions of 450C, whereas those grown in a cooler regimen (26/200C, day/night) exhibited an optimum of 40°C. Several previous studies have provided evidence of a linkage between isoprene emissions and photosynthesis, and more recent studies have demonstrated that isoprene emissions are linked to the activity of isoprene synthase in plant leaves. To further explore this linkage within the context of the temperature dependence of isoprene emissions, we determined the relative temperature dependencies of photosynthetic electron transport, CO2 assimilation, and isoprene synthase activity. When measured over a broad range of temperatures, the temperature dependence of isoprene emission rate was not closely correlated with either the electron transport rate or the CO2 assimilation rate. The temperature optima for electron transport rate and CO2 assimilation rate were 5 to 10°C lower than that for the isoprene emission rate. The dependence of isoprene emissions on photon flux density was also affected by measurement temperature in a pattem independent of those exhibited for electron transport rate and CO2 assimilation rate. Thus, despite no change in the electron transport rate or CO2 assimilation rate at 26 and 340C, the isoprene emission rate changed markedly. The quantum yield of isoprene emissions was stimulated by a temperature increase from 26 to 340C, whereas the quantum yield for CO2 assimilation was inhibited. In greenhouse-grown aspen leaves (Populus tremuloides Michaux.), the high temperature threshold for inhibition of isoprene emissions was closely correlated with the high temperature-induced decrease in the in vitro activity of isoprene synthase. When taken together, the results indicate that although there may be a linkage between isoprene emission rate and photosynthesis, the temperature dependence of isoprene emission is not determined solely by the rates of CO2 assimilation or electron transport. Rather, we propose that regulation is accomplished primarily through the enzyme isoprene synthase.

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Enzymatic Synthesis of Isoprene from Dimethylallyl Diphosphate in Aspen Leaf Extracts

Cited by 183 publications

References 20 publications

Environmental and developmental controls over the seasonal pattern of isoprene emission from aspen leaves

Environmental and developmental controls over the seasonal pattern of isoprene emission from aspen leaves

Strong correlation between isoprene emission and gross photosynthetic capacity during leaf phenology of the tropical tree species Hymenaea courbaril with fundamental changes in volatile organic compounds emission composition during early leaf development

Relationships among Isoprene Emission Rate, Photosynthesis, and Isoprene Synthase Activity as Influenced by Temperature

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