Enzymatic transformation of ginseng leaf saponin by recombinant β‐glucosidase (bgp1) and its efficacy in an adipocyte cell line

Abstract

The major ginseng leaf saponins are transformed into the more pharmacologically active minor ginsenosides by recombinant β-glucosidase enzyme bgp1. Ginseng leaves contain six major ginsenosides: Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd. Among these Rg1, Re and Rd are the most abundant. Within 3 H of incubation, all dominant major ginsenosides found in ginseng leaf had decomposed and been converted into the more active minor ginsenosides (i.e., 100% of Rg1, Re, and Rd were decomposed and converted into Rh1, Rg2, and Rg3, respectively). The recombinant β-glucosidase enzyme (bgp1) hydrolyzed all glucose moieties attached to the C-20 position of the ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rd, and F1. The transformed product contains pharmacologically active minor ginsenosides Rh1, Rg2, Rg3, F1, and protopanaxatriol. This transformed product was used to investigate the effects on the 3T3-L1 adipocyte cell line. The cytotoxicity assay did not show any toxicity, even when used at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. Adipogenesis was shown to decrease in response to bioconverted leaf saponin in a dose-dependent manner.

Recovery effect of lignans and fermented extracts from Forsythia koreana flowers on pancreatic islets damaged by alloxan in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

“…Bacterial strain and culture condition Refer to the literature [22]. Large scaled fermentation and preparation of crude enzyme BGP1 were referred to the literature [23].…”

Stimulating effect of fermented ginseng leaf saponin on the differentiation and mineralization of murine osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells

“…Ginseng leaf is a good source of ginseng saponin which carries six major ginsenosides: Re, Rg1, Rd, Rc, Rb2 and Rb1. However, minor ginsenosides are pharmacologically more active than that of intact major ginsenosides (Huq et al, 2016a). The de-glycosylated ginsenosides Rg3 has strong anti-metastatic (Mochizuki et al, 1995), anticancer , hepatoprotective (Lee et al, 2005), neuroprotective (Tian et al, 2005) and vasodilating effects (Kim et al, 2003).…”

Biotransformation of major ginsenoside Rb1 to pharmacologically active ginsenoside Rg3 through fermentation by Weissella hellenica DC06 in newly developed medium

“…Ginsenoside, a major component of ginseng, has been reported to exhibit various biological effects (Cho et al, 2006;Huq et al, 2015a). Minor ginsenosides are more active than intact major ginsenosides (Huq et al, 2015a).…”

“…Minor ginsenosides are more active than intact major ginsenosides (Huq et al, 2015a). Therefore, many researchers have attempted to convert major ginsenosides to more active minor ginsenosides (Huq et al, 2014;Huq et al, 2015a,b).…”

“…Ginsenoside, a major component of ginseng, has been reported to exhibit various biological effects such as anticancer, anti-obesity,tumor-suppressing, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective effects (Huq et al, 2015a;Lee et al, 2005;Shinkai et al, 1996;Tian et al, 2005). Minor ginsenosides are more active than intact major ginsenosides (Huq et al, 2015a).…”