Enzymatically modified starch up-regulates expression of incretins and sodium-coupled monocarboxylate transporter in jejunum of growing pigs

Abstract

Dietary effects on the host are mediated via modulation of the intestinal mucosal responses. The present study investigated the effect of an enzymatically modified starch (EMS) product on the mucosal expression of genes related to starch digestion, sugar and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) absorption and incretins in the jejunum and cecum in growing pigs. Moreover, the impact of the EMS on hepatic expression of genes related to glucose and lipid metabolism, and postprandial serum metabolites were assessed. Barrows (n = 12/diet; initial BW 29 kg) were individually fed three times daily with free access to a diet containing either EMS or waxy corn starch as control (CON) for 10 days. The enzymatic modification led to twice as many α-1,6-glycosidic bonds (~8%) in the amylopectin fraction in the EMS in comparison with the non-modified native waxy corn starch (4% α-1,6-glycosidic bonds). Linear discriminant analysis revealed distinct clustering of mucosal gene expression for EMS and CON diets in jejunum. Compared with the CON diet, the EMS intake up-regulated jejunal expression of sodium-coupled monocarboxylate transporter (SMCT), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) (P < 0.05) and intestinal alkaline phosphatase (ALPI) (P = 0.08), which may be related to greater luminal SCFA availability, whereas cecal gene expression was unaffected by diet. Hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) expression tended (P = 0.07) to be down-regulated in pigs fed the EMS diet compared with pigs fed the CON diet, which may explain the trend (P = 0.08) of 30% decrease in serum triglycerides in pigs fed the EMS diet. Furthermore, pigs fed the EMS diet had a 50% higher (P = 0.03) serum urea concentration than pigs fed the CON diet potentially indicating an increased use of glucogenic amino acids for energy acquisition in these pigs. Present findings suggested the jejunum as the target site to influence the intestinal epithelium and altered lipid and carbohydrate metabolism by EMS feeding.

Lactic Acid Treatment of Cereals and Dietary Phytase Modified Fecal Microbiome Composition Without Affecting Expression of Virulence Factor Genes in Growing Pigs

“…Standard curves were prepared from 10-fold serial dilutions (10 7 to 10 3 molecules/μl) of the purified and quantified PCR products using genomic DNA from pig feces of the present study (Metzler-Zebeli et al, 2016). The final copy number of total bacteria and virulence factor genes was calculated using the following equation: (QM × C × DV)/(S × V), where QM is the quantitative mean of the copy number, C is the DNA concentration of each sample, DV is the dilution volume of isolated DNA, S is the DNA amount (ng) and V is the weight of the sample (g) subjected to DNA extraction.…”

Finishing pigs that are divergent in feed efficiency show small differences in intestinal functionality and structure

“…Total RNA was isolated from the jejunal mucosal scrapings of pigs from AT and ROI using mechanical homogenization and the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) as recently described [18]. The RNA isolates were treated with DNase I (RNA Clean & Concentrator-5 Kit, Zymo Research, Irvine, USA).…”

“…Amplifications of target and HKGs were performed on a ViiA 7 Real-time PCR system (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA) in 20 μl reactions including 25 ng cDNA template, 200 n M of each primer, 0.2 m M of each dNTP, 3 m M MgCl 2 , 1 × buffer B2 (Solis BioDyne, Tartu, Estonia), 50 n M ROX reference dye (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, USA), 0.4 × EvaGreen fluorescent dye (Biotium, Hayward, USA) and 1 unit of HOT FIREPol DNA polymerase (Solis BioDyne) [18]. All reactions were run in duplicate using the following temperature protocol: 95°C for 10 min, 40 cycles of 95°C for 15 sec and 60°C for 1 min, followed by the generation of melting curves.…”

Autolyzed yeast and sodium butyrate supplemented alone to diets promoted improvements in performance, intestinal health and nutrient transporter in weaned piglets

“…Similarly, the increased expression of SMCT2 and MCT1 indicated a greater availability of monocarboxylates (e.g. lactate, short-chain fatty acids, and ketone bodies) 32 , which represent substrates for maintaining the energetic state in cells like the enterocytes.…”