Enzyme Electrode Platform Using Methyl Viologen Electrochemically Immobilized on Carbon Materials

Abstract

This paper presents the electrochemical stabilization of methyl viologen cations on a variety of carbon materials using a glassy carbon electrode. Three different types of voltammetry (potential hold, triangular wave, and square wave voltammetry) were used to stabilize the methyl viologen cation. Methyl viologen cation-modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) of different diameters and with various functional groups were examined to observe the effects of carbon particle size and surface modification. Various carbon materials containing MWCNTs, acetylene black, Super P, Vulcan XC-72, and Ketjenblack were modified by methyl viologen and then electrochemically characterized. Their electrochemical behaviors are discussed in terms of carbon properties, such as pore structure and electrical conductivity. Carbon with immobilized the methyl viologen cation and glucose oxidase was assessed to confirm its feasibility for enzyme electrode applications.

Viologen-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes as carrier nanotags for electrochemical immunosensing. Application to TGF-β1 cytokine

“…The reversible redox behavior promotes the electron exchange between electrodes and proteins with the subsequent decrease in the ohmic overpotential [Lee et al, 2016]. Taking advantage of this behavior, various electrochemical biosensors based on the use of viologens have been described.…”

“…Taking advantage of this behavior, various electrochemical biosensors based on the use of viologens have been described. However, due to the solubility of viologen cations in aqueous solution and their high toxicity, immobilization on electrode surfaces using different strategies and materials is usually performed [Lee et al, 2016] [Ghica et al, 2005]. An illustrative example of strategy not involving physical entrapment of viologen is the modification of a GCE based on the amino radical oxidation with subsequent formation of a carbon-nitrogen linkage on the electrode for the preparation of a hydrogen peroxide biosensor with horseradish peroxidase and gold nanoparticles [Jia et al, 2008].…”

“…Viologens have been immobilized on materials such as graphene oxide [Park et al, 2012], conductive polymers [Gadgil et al, 2013], dendrimers [Kavosi et al, 2014] and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Immobilization methods on CNTs included drop casting of viologen solution and electrochemical treatment by cyclic voltammetry [Swetha et al, 2012] [Lee et al, 2016], preparation of multilayers assembled through electrostatic interactions [Wang et al, 2008], and formation of composites . Few examples of covalent attachment of viologens on CNTs have been described so far.…”

Advances in Electrochemical Aptasensors Based on Carbon Nanomaterials

“…Some other materials obtained in a similar manner should also be mentioned. These materials include acetylene black, which is formed in acetylene combustion and is applied in the modification of electrodes as transducers of the DNA [83] and enzyme [84] biosensors.…”

Multimodal/Multifunctional Nanomaterials in (Bio)electrochemistry: Now and in the Coming Decade

“…Viologens are 4,4′-bipyridine derivatives which exhibit reversible electrochemical responses at negative potentials. Such reversible redox behavior promotes the electron exchange between electrodes and proteins with the subsequent decrease in the ohmic overpotential [ 143 ]. The resulting immunosensor provided a linear range extending between 2.5 and 1000 pg mL −1 and a LOD value of 0.95 pg mL −1 TGF-β1.…”