Enzyme electrophoresis in characterizing the causative organism of Gambian trypanosomiasis

Godfrey, D.G.; Kilgour, Veronica

doi:10.1016/0035-9203(76)90043-2

Cited by 128 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…are among some of the most wellstudied agents of parasitic diseases known today. In consequence, some of these organisms have long been the subject of investigation and speculation with regard to their evolutionary history (Léger, 1904;Wallace, 1966;Hoare, 1972;Vickerman, 1994) and, indeed, trypanosomatids were among some of the first parasites to be characterised with the new methods of isoenzyme typing developed in the 1970s (Godfrey & Kilgour, 1976;Miles et al, 1977). For many kinetoplastid groups (notably those of medical importance), the findings of early studies have since been superseded by results from more recent studies, which, in general, due to the techniques used, e.g.…”

Section: Kinteoplastid Phylogeneticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetoplastid phylogenetics, with special reference to the evolution of parasitic trypanosomes

Stevens

2008

Parasite

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Summary :To fully understand the evolutionary history of parasitic kinetoplastids and to understand the context within which the evolution of each parasite group has developed, an understanding not just of the parasites, but of all kinetoplastids is required. Accordingly, this paper provides an overview of kinetoplastid evolution and systematics, including coverage of the proposal by Moreira et al. (2004) to divide kinetoplasts into Prokinetoplastina (Ichthyobodo and Perkinsiella) and Metakinetoplastina (other bodonids and trypanosomatids). The implications of such a revision, with regard to correctly identifying outgroup taxa for studies of evolution within taxa of medical importance, are addressed, together with a more detailed review of the evolution and origins of the trypanosomes in the light of new phylogenies, new approaches and revisions in kinetoplastid systematics.KEY WORDS : kinetoplastid, trypanosome, Trypanosomatidae, Bodonidae, Prokinetoplastina, Metakinetoplastina, evolution.* School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK. E-mail: j.r.stevens@ex.ac.uk 2000) and even in those parasites of medical importance, it is little more than a decade since the widespread introduction of DNA sequencing technologies has allowed the evolution of parasitic trypanosomatids (and kinetoplastids in general) to be evaluated by formal phylogenetic analysis (Fernandes et al., 1993;Alvarez et al., 1996;Maslov et al., 1996;Lukes et al., 1997;Haag et al., 1998;Hannaert et al., 1998;Stevens et al., 1999Stevens et al., , 2001Wright et al., 1999;Hamilton et al., 2004;Moreira et al., 2004). To fully understand the evolutionary history of parasitic kinetoplastids and to understand the context within which the evolution of each parasite group has unfolded, an understanding not just of the parasites, but also of broader kinetoplastid phylogenetics is required. Accordingly, this paper provides an overview of kinetoplastid phylogenetics and evolution, together with a more detailed review of the evolution of the trypanosomes in the light of recent revisions in kinetoplastid systematics. For more comprehensive details of these topics, in addition to the references given above, readers are referred to reviews by Maslov et al. (2001), Stevens et al. (2001) and, most recently, Simpson et al. (2006). KINTEOPLASTID PHYLOGENETICST he order Kinetoplastida comprises a group of protozoa defined by the presence of a characteristic organelle, the kinetoplast (Vickerman, 1976), a large modified mitochondrion. Traditionally, the taxonomy of kinetoplastids has been based on morphological characters and lifecycles, with the group being subdivided into two suborders: Bodonina and Trypanosomatina (Vickerman, 1976; Lom, 1976 (Castellani, 1903;Bruce & Nabarro, 1903;Lyons, 1992), haemoflagellate parasites of humans and domestic animals, including trypanosomes and Leishmania spp. are among some of the most wellstudied agents of parasitic diseases known today. In consequence, some of these organisms have long been the subject of invest...

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Section: Kinteoplastid Phylogeneticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetoplastid phylogenetics, with special reference to the evolution of parasitic trypanosomes

Stevens

2008

Parasite

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“…Parasites were harvested by centrifugation and pellets stored at -70ºC. Before electrophoresis, pellets were mixed with an equal volume of enzyme stabilizer (Godfrey & Kilgour 1976) and left on ice for 20 min. They were then centrifuged at 11,000 g at 4ºC for 10 min.…”

Section: Origins Of T Infestans Insects and T Cruzi Stocks -mentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Variability and Microdistribution of Triatoma infestans Genotypes and Trypanosoma cruzi Clones in Arequipa Region (Peru)

Brenière

Lopez²,

Vargas³

et al. 1997

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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“…The enzymes were extracted from the pellets with enzyme stabilizer buffer. 21,22 The extracts were divided in 20 l aliquots and stored at −70°C or used immediately for further MLEE.…”

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confidence: 99%

Isoenzyme clustering of Trypanosomatidae Colombian populations.

Montilla¹,

GUHL²,

Jaramillo³

et al. 2002

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Thirty-six Trypanosomatidae stocks isolated from various hosts and geographical areas in Colombia and 7 others from Bolivia, Chile, Honduras and Panama have been surveyed by Multilocus Enzyme Electrophoresis (MLEE). Part of the Colombian stocks were previously characterized by morphology and biological behavior as belonging to Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli taxa, others were unknown species. The genetic variability observed at 13 different loci was considerable, since 38 zymodemes could be distinguished and 2 upper branches were observed. The first branch corresponded to T. cruzi and was divided in the two major phylogenetic subdivision of T. cruzi (T. cruzi I, T. cruzi II). The majority of the Colombian T. cruzi stocks (92%) felt into T. cruzi I. Only two stocks, isolated from sylvatic mammals, belonged to T. cruzi II. Among T. cruzi I, we did not observed any additional phylogenetic subdivision and host-dependent genotype specificity. The second branch was genetically very heterogeneous and included all T. rangeli stocks, the stocks isolated from bats and one stock isolated from a sylvatic R. prolixus vector. The stocks belonging to T. rangeli presented only one locus instead of two for the malic enzyme system. Since, the upper level of resolution of the isoenzyme method was exceeded, the current clustering study failed to draw a clear distinction between such a diverse set of Trypanosomatidae species.

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Enzyme electrophoresis in characterizing the causative organism of Gambian trypanosomiasis

Cited by 128 publications

References 20 publications

Kinetoplastid phylogenetics, with special reference to the evolution of parasitic trypanosomes

Kinetoplastid phylogenetics, with special reference to the evolution of parasitic trypanosomes

Genetic Variability and Microdistribution of Triatoma infestans Genotypes and Trypanosoma cruzi Clones in Arequipa Region (Peru)

Isoenzyme clustering of Trypanosomatidae Colombian populations.

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