Enzyme-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers: Classification, synthesis, functionalization and potential applications

Microbial transglutaminase nanoflowers as an alternative nanomedicine for breast cancer theranostics

“…Nanoowers, are nano-sized ower-like structures formed by intra-molecular interactions between the enzymes/ proteins facilitated by metal ions leading to anisotropic growth of nano-petals and, consequently, the formation of a ower-like structure. 47,48,77,78 Nanoowers are endowed with diverse functionalities for biocatalytic applications. 52,53,79 They represent a new and elegant approach in enzyme immobilization, possessing greatly enhanced activity, stability, durability, and even selectivity of entrapped organic biomolecules.…”

“…Further, the high surface area to volume ratio presented by nanoowers not only enhances the surface adsorption for accelerating the kinetics of bio-catalytic reactions, but also adds to higher loading and better charge transfer owing to its 3-D structure. 77,85 The uniqueness of the present study was due to the replacement of the bovine serum albumin (BSA; the standard protein component) base by MTGase itself, thereby leading to unique morphology and size of the nanoowers; aer optimizing the concentration of MTGase, aging time, sonication, pH, temperature, PBS, and CuSO 4 concentration for nano-formulation designing. 47,78,79…”

Immobilization Screening and Characterization of an Alcohol Dehydrogenase and its Application to the Multi-Enzymatic Selective Oxidation of 1,-Omega-Diols

“…The selection of the carrier material is crucial to achieve highly robust and efficient heterogeneous biocatalysts (Cantone et al, 2013). Currently new immobilization trends based on selfassembled inorganic chassis have also proven their usefulness as protein carriers (Liu et al, 2021;Zhang et al, 2021). Besides the carrier properties, the enzyme orientation upon binding must also be considered when designing an immobilization protocol that pursues maximizing the performance of the resulting heterogenous biocatalysts (Mateo et al, 2007a).…”

Current Status and Future Perspectives of Supports and Protocols for Enzyme Immobilization

“…However, in a recent study using sonication as an accelerator mechanism, An et al ( 2015) [253] reduced this time to just 5 minutes. Many authors used this method to confirm the proposed protocol's efficiency and efficacy [253,254,[256][257][258]. Figure 7 shows how the process for enzyme immobilization by hybrid nanoflowers occurs: Figure 7.…”

“…It is noteworthy that the increase in the enzyme's thermal stability is usually one of the limiting factors for using free enzymes in high-impact industrial processes [249,254,255]. In addition to this aspect, there is usually an increase in enzyme tolerance by various reactional media, such as organic solvents, and also the primary foundation of immobilization facilitated reuse of the biocatalyst in several reactions cycles [247,248,250].…”