“…2) bees (Batra et al, 1973) and honey bees (Batra et al, 1973;Gilliam et al, 1974Gilliam et al, , 1977Gilliam et al, , 1989Domsch et al, 1980;Wicklow & Dowd, 1989;Gilliam, 1997), A. fl avus, especially, can be a serious brood pathogen causing the disease of honeybee larvae, known as stonebrood (Burnside & Library, 1927;Gilliam et al, 1974). In addition to being able to grow on a broad range of substrates (Fogarty, 1994), their ability to produce carcinogenic and toxic afl atoxins as well as a broad range of other toxic substances (Brase et al, 2009;Klich, 2009) makes members of the genus Aspergillus strong competitors.…”