“…In general, both submerged state fermentation (SmF) and solid-state fermentation (SSF) have been successfully used in pectinases production from different microbial strains (Castilho et al 2000;Silva et al 2002;Pedrolli and Carmona 2009;Dinu et al 2007). The solid-state fermentation is preferred over submerged fermentation based on the fact that it uses various agro-industrial by-products such as soy, pulps of apple, sugar beet and coffee, peels of lemon, oranges and tomato, pomace of apple and citrus fruits, sugarcane bagasse, wheat bran, etc., making the entire process cost effective (Castilho et al 2000;Yadav and Shastri 2007;Lara-Marquez et al 2011;Yadav et al 2014).…”