EPA- and DHA-derived resolvins' actions in inflammatory bowel disease

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel diseases are chronic diseases divided into two major forms, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, which are both associated with a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract. Recent studies have shown that the resolution of inflammatory conditions is a biosynthetically active process where new pro-resolution lipid mediators derived from omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), such as E- and D-series resolvins, protectins, and macrophage mediator in resolving inflammation (maresins), have potent anti-inflammatory activity and serve as specialised mediators that play an important role in the resolution of inflammation. Recent studies have also shown the role of resolvins in referred hyperalgesia associated with different inflammatory processes, such as the visceral pain caused by inflammatory bowel disease. There are many reports describing the principal effects of EPA- and DHA-derived mediators in experimental models of inflammatory bowel diseases. This review focuses on the recent studies on the important role played by pro-resolution lipid mediators in controlling the inflammatory process associated with inflammatory bowel diseases.

Protectin D1 n-3 DPA and resolvin D5 n-3 DPA are effectors of intestinal protection

“…Administration of resolvin E1, resolvin D2, 17(R)-hydroxy DHA, aspirin-triggered resolvin D1, and Maresin 1 resulted in an improved disease activity score, reduced colonic damage, and lower polymorphonuclear infiltration in several models of colitis (27). In the present study we report that administration of PD1 n-3 DPA or RvD5 n-3 DPA was effective in preventing the hallmark of intestinal inflammation after DSS administration to mice, including an effect on colon length, microscopic damage score, and granulocyte recruitment.…”

“…SPM derived from n-3 PUFA-like DHA and EPA have been linked to protective actions in intestinal inflammation (27). Administration of resolvin E1, resolvin D2, 17(R)-hydroxy DHA, aspirin-triggered resolvin D1, and Maresin 1 resulted in an improved disease activity score, reduced colonic damage, and lower polymorphonuclear infiltration in several models of colitis (27).…”

Integrated serum proteins and fatty acids analysis for putative biomarker discovery in inflammatory bowel disease

“…The signaling functions of several classes of lipids discovered in the past decade resolve rather than promote inflammation [42]. E-series resolvins originate from EPA, while DHA generates the family of D-series resolvins (RvD), protectin D1, and maesins [43]. Resolvins are biosynthesized endogenously during the resolution phase of inflammation.…”

Changes in the diet composition of fatty acids and fiber affect the lower gastrointestinal motility but have no impact on cardiovascular parameters: In vivo and in vitro studies

“…[10][11][12][13] In contrast, for many years, dietary fat has been studied in non-GI diseases, but only recently, the impact of FAs on GI function has become an attractive area of study to combat various GI-related disorders. [14][15][16][17] There are some clear signals that dietary FAs are relevant factors in the pathogenesis of GI disorders, 16,[18][19][20][21] but to our knowledge, most results were based on retrospective or prospective evaluation of dietary questionnaires, which raises the possibility of recall bias.…”

“…Fiber has long been recommended for the management of various gastrointestinal (GI) ailments, such as constipation or diarrhea; its mechanism of action is well described elsewhere . In contrast, for many years, dietary fat has been studied in non‐GI diseases, but only recently, the impact of FAs on GI function has become an attractive area of study to combat various GI‐related disorders . There are some clear signals that dietary FAs are relevant factors in the pathogenesis of GI disorders, but to our knowledge, most results were based on retrospective or prospective evaluation of dietary questionnaires, which raises the possibility of recall bias.…”