Ephedrine sensing at the electrified liquid-liquid interface supported with micro-punched self-adhesive polyimide film

Interpol Review of Drug Analysis 2019-2022

“…2019 Enantiomeric resolution of ephedrine racemic mixture using molecularly imprinted carboxylic acid functionalized resin [ 577 ]; multiphase extraction method for separation of ephedrine from pinellia ternate [ 578 ]; LCMS method for the enantiomeric separation of typical illicit drugs such as ephedrines (ie, 1S,2R(+)-ephedrine and 1R,2S(−)-ephedrine) and pseudoephedrine (ie, R,R(−)-pseudoephedrine and S,S(+)-pseudoephedrine) [ 579 ]; three compounds obtained from ephedrine (Ephedrone (methcathinone) hydrochloride and its fundamental derivatives N-acetylephedrine and N-acetylephedrone) were identified and characterized by GC-MS, NMRS, IR, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography [ 580 ]; study of Raman spectroscopic differences between Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine using micro-Raman spectroscopy and UV resonance Raman spectroscopy [ 581 ]; 2021 electrochemical sensor for voltammetric (CV, DVP and square wave voltammetry) analysis of ephedrine in pharmaceutical dosage [ 582 ]; an ephedrine sensing method using an electrified liquid-liquid interface supported with an array of apertures micro-punched in the self-adhesive polyimide tape [ 583 ]; Birch reaction method was employed to synthesize amphetamine from ephedrine and detect the most known TLC byproduct of clandestine manufacture of amphetamines [ 584 ]; H-1 NMR method for quantification of ephedrine alkaloids (methylephedrine, ephedrine, norephedrine, norpseudoephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and methylpseudoephedrine) and ephedra herbal preparations [ 585 ]; electrochemical sensor for determination of ephedrine hydrochloride [ 586 ]; HPLC-IT/TOF-MS method for identification of impurities in chloroephedrine samples and preparation of a chloroephedrine standard [ 587 ]; method for chiral separation of ephedrine and its stereoisomers by supercritical fluid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (SFC-MS/MS) [ 588 ]; isotope profiling of delta N-15, delta C-13, and delta H-2 isotope clusters of ephedrine/pseudoephedrine to characterize the origin of the precursor in seized methamphetamine samples [ 589 ]; calixarene based portable sensor for the direct assay of ephedrine in non-prescribed herbal supplements used as adjunctive therapy for weight loss [ 590 ]; analysis of the ephedrine in Pinellia tuber marketed products by LC-TOF/MS [ 591 ]; novel stationary phase coatings by zeolite SiO2NPs coupled with beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) or beta-CD/ l -phenylalanine were developed for chiral open-tubular capillary electrochromatography and applied to the chiral separation of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine [ 592 ]; method for the rapid detection of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine chiral enantiomers using erythrosin B for the resonance Rayleigh scattering probe [ 593 , 594 ]; 2022 UV–Vis spectrophotometric method to estimate ephedrine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical drugs [ 595 ]; synthesis of eight new organotin derivatives containing ephedrine-substituted dithiocarbamate ligands [ <...…”

Nitrazepam and 7-aminonitrazepam studied at the macroscopic and microscopic electrified liquid-liquid interface

“…Detection at ITIES is governed by the molecular partitioning properties of the studied compounds. This feature is highly useful when developing a sensing platform that aims to detect compounds from a mixture of a chemical species holding a shared core chemical structure with different substituents and displaying different partitioning properties [50][51][52][53][54]. Downscaling of the contact between immiscible phase (miniaturization) has many beneficial consequences.…”

“…ITIES miniaturization requires an appropriate support meeting a few prerequires: (i) asymmetric properties (sharp boundary between hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains) of the support wettability should assure the stability of the ITIES position; (ii) it must provide the apertures with micrometer (or less) dimensions that can be filled with either phase (aqueous or organic) prior to contacting with the immiscible solution; and (iii) the apertures height should not significantly exceed the ITIES dimeter as it will become a reason of the additional resistance. In practice, the employed supports have a form of fabricated chips with precisely arranged nano/micrometer pores [45,50,[59][60][61], inherently porous membranes [62][63][64], or capillaries with a defined pore diameter [18,[65][66][67][68][69][70].…”

Heroin detection in a droplet hosted in a 3D printed support at the miniaturized electrified liquid-liquid interface

“…In a view of illicit drugs sensing, eLLI was successfully applied to detect and fully understand the interfacial behavior of cocaine together with its numerous cutting agents 8,27 . Also, we have shown that ionic currents originating from the ephedrine (amphetamine/methamphetamine precursor, doping agent in sport) transfer across eLLI suffice for its quantification in urine 28,29 . Reports describing the interfacial behavior of other regulated molecules such as gamma-aminobutyric acid 30 , and a few opioids and amphetamine-like drugs 25 are also available in the literature.…”

“…eLLI miniaturization has a few crucial benefits over traditional macroscopic counterparts: (i) minimal consumption of the chemicals; (ii) lower capacitive currents; (iii) higher mass transfer to eLLI and (iv) improved stability of the soft junction governed by the pre-adjusted microscopic aperture surface wettability 32 . Approaches used to miniaturize eLLI can be based on metal wire templated glass capillary 33 , pulled glass capillaries 30,34 , patterned glass slides 35 , laser-ablated polymeric films 36 , micro-punched films 28,37 , apertures fabricated in the SiN chips [38][39][40] , or simply are based on porous materials such as zeolites, mesoporous silica of fiberglass membranes [41][42][43][44] . Miniaturization protocols are also frequently applied during sample preparation aiming at e.g.…”