Epidemiologic Features of HTLV-II Serologic and Molecular Evidence

Lowis, George W.; Sheremata, William A.; Minagar, Alireza

doi:10.1016/s1047-2797(01)00231-9

Cited by 39 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 142 publications

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“…HTLV-1 is more frequent among injection drug users in Brazil and New York [34][35][36][37][38] , whereas HTLV-2 is more prevalent in injection drug users in other locations in North America and in Europe [39][40][41][42][43][44] . In 2001, the fi rst cases of HTLV-1 transmission through organs that were transplanted from asymptomatic infected donors were reported in Europe; three donor organ recipients developed subacute myelopathy shortly after transplantation 45 .…”

Section: Modes Of Htlv Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1

Paiva

Casseb

2014

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is endemic in many parts of the world and is primarily transmitted through sexual intercourse or from mother to child. Sexual transmission occurs more effi ciently from men to women than women to men and might be enhanced by sexually transmitted diseases that cause ulcers and result in mucosal ruptures, such as syphilis, herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2), and chancroid. Other sexually transmitted diseases might result in the recruitment of infl ammatory cells and could increase the risk of HTLV-1 acquisition and transmission. Additionally, factors that are associated with higher transmission risks include the presence of antibodies against the viral oncoprotein Tax (anti-Tax), a higher proviral load in peripheral blood lymphocytes, and increased cervicovaginal or seminal secretions. Seminal fl uid has been reported to increase HTLV replication and transmission, whereas male circumcision and neutralizing antibodies might have a protective effect. Recently, free virions were discovered in plasma, which reveals a possible new mode of HTLV replication. It is unclear how this discovery might affect the routes of HTLV transmission, particularly sexual transmission, because HTLV transmission rates are signifi cantly higher from men to women than women to men.

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Section: Modes Of Htlv Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1

Paiva

Casseb

2014

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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“…HTLV-1 is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), a malignant transformation of CD4 + T lymphocytes (2), and HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/ tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), a chronic progressive neurological disease (3). Although HTLV-2 was initially isolated from a patient with a rare variant of hairy T-cell leukemia (4)(5), its disease association is less clear (6). However, there have been a few reports of HTLV-2 association with a neurodegenerative disease (7,8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Human T-cell leukemia virus Rex protein

Ihab¹

2005

Front Biosci

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A critical step in the life cycle of complex retroviruses, including HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 is the ability of these viruses to adopt a mechanism by which the genome-length unspliced mRNA as well as the partially spliced mRNAs are exported from the nucleus instead of being subjected to splicing or degradation. In HTLV, this is accomplished through the expression of the viral Rex, which recognizes a specific response element on the incompletely spliced mRNAs, stabilizes them, inhibits their splicing, and utilizes the CRM1-dependent cellular pathway for transporting them from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Rex itself is regulated by phosphorylation, which implies that proper activation of the protein in response to certain cellular cues is an important tool for the virus to ensure that specific viral gene expression is allowed only when the host cell can provide the best conditions for virion production. Having such a critical role in HTLV life cycle, Rex is indispensable for efficient viral replication, infection and spread. Indeed, Rex is considered to regulate the switch between the latent and productive phases of the HTLV life cycle. Without a functional Rex, the virus would still produce regulatory and some accessory gene products; however, structural and enzymatic post-transcriptional gene expression would be severely repressed, essentially leading to non-productive viral replication. More detailed understanding of the exact molecular mechanism of action of Rex will thus allow for better design of therapeutic drugs against Rex function and ultimately HTLV replication. Herein we summarize the progress made towards understanding Rex function and its role in the HTLV life cycle.

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“…Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-II) shares 65% of its nucleotide sequences with human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-I) 12 . HTLV-II has not been etiologically linked with any disease, although a number of case reports and a few cross-sectional studies suggest an association with a tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLVassociated myelopathy (TSP)-like syndrome 4,17 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical and epidemiological aspects of HTLV-II infection in São Paulo, Brazil: presence of Tropical Spastic Paraparesis/HTLV-Associated Myelopathy (TSP/HAM) simile diagnosis in HIV-1-co-infected subjects

Vergara

Montanheiro²,

Fukumori³

et al. 2006

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo

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SUMMARYIn this study, the epidemiological and clinical features observed in solely HTLV-II-infected individuals were compared to those in patients co-infected with HIV-1. A total of 380 subjects attended at the HTLV Out-Patient Clinic in the Institute of Infectious Diseases "Emilio Ribas" (IIER), São Paulo, Brazil, were evaluated every 3-6 months for the last seven years by infectious disease specialists and neurologists. Using a testing algorithm that employs the enzyme immuno assay, Western Blot and polymerase chain reaction, it was found that 201 (53%) were HTLV-I positive and 50 (13%) were infected with HTLV-II. Thirty-seven (74%) of the HTLV-II reactors were co-infected with HIV-1. Of the 13 (26%) solely HTLV-II-infected subjects, urinary tract infection was diagnosed in three (23%), one case of skin vasculitis (8%) and two cases of lumbar pain and erectile dysfunction (15%), but none myelopathy case was observed. Among 37 co-infected with HIV-1, four cases (10%) presented with tropical spastic paraparesis/ HTLV-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM) simile. Two patients showed paraparesis as the initial symptom, two cases first presented with vesical and erectile disturbances, peripheral neuropathies were observed in other five patients (13%), and seven (19%) patients showed some neurological signal or symptoms, most of them with lumbar pain (five cases). The results obtained suggest that neurological manifestations may be more frequent in HTLV-II/HIV-1-infected subjects than those infected with HTLV-II only.

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Epidemiologic Features of HTLV-II Serologic and Molecular Evidence

Cited by 39 publications

References 142 publications

Sexual transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1

Sexual transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1

The Human T-cell leukemia virus Rex protein

Clinical and epidemiological aspects of HTLV-II infection in São Paulo, Brazil: presence of Tropical Spastic Paraparesis/HTLV-Associated Myelopathy (TSP/HAM) simile diagnosis in HIV-1-co-infected subjects

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