Epidemiological Aspects of Illness and Injury

Vleck, Veronica; Hoeden, David

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22357-1_3

Cited by 5 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…They were mainly localised to the lower limbs, the vast majority being minor injuries such as abrasions, contusions, ankle sprain, muscle strain, muscle cramps and plantar fasciitis. These results agree with those obtained among competitive triathletes (Williams et al, 1998;Korkia et al, 1994;Vleck, 2010;Vleck et al, 2014;Vleck and Hoeden, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…They included the exact diagnosis, the treatment or therapy administered, and the outcome of the injury (Table 1). Finally, the data relative to those meteorological conditions which may affect sports physiology Vleck and Hoeden, 2020) during a triathlon race (i.e. temperature, humidity, wind speed, rainfall) (Bergeron et al, 2012) were collected through the archive of the technological society Il Meteo (Il Meteo, 2020).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Understanding the incidence and the type of injuries and illnesses that are sustained during a triathlon race can be vital for the support of the dedicated rescue teams and sports medicine specialists' activity, assist in the direction of future preventive research, and the development of proper medical plans and safety guidelines Rimmer and Coniglione, 2012;Vleck, 2010;Vleck and Hoeden, 2020). However, few reports of the medical conditions related to triathlon events exist, and they often combine data from significantly different race distances (Kienstra et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Injuries in Medium to Long-Distance Triathlon: A Retrospective Analysis of Medical Conditions Treated in Three Editions of the Ironman Competition

Feletti¹,

Saini²,

Naldi³

et al. 2021

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Triathlon’s popularity is rapidly increasing, and epidemiological data relating to its related medical conditions is crucial to the development of proper medical plans and safety guidelines for it. This study examined the data from the medical reports collected during three consecutive editions of Ironman Italy, from 2017 to 2019. Out of 10,653 race-starters, 3.3% required medical attention sustaining 472 medical conditions. A significantly higher injury risk was found for females versus males (χ2 = 9.78, p = 0.02) and in long-distance (IR: 4.09/1,000hours) rather than in Olympic/middle distance races (IR: 1.75/1,000hours). Most (68.4%) conditions (including muscular exhaustion, hypothermia, and dehydration) were systemic, whilst only 10.2% were acute traumatic injuries. Of a total of 357 triathletes requiring medical assistance, 8.1% were a candidate for hospitalisation. The equipment and personnel that are required for the medical assistance in future triathlon events were estimated based on Maurer’s algorithm, and ten practical recommendations for triathlon medical support were formulated.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Injuries in Medium to Long-Distance Triathlon: A Retrospective Analysis of Medical Conditions Treated in Three Editions of the Ironman Competition

Feletti¹,

Saini²,

Naldi³

et al. 2021

jsportscimed

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“…To sum up, triathlon is an extremely demanding sport, both physically and mentally. Although triathlon appears to be a relatively safe activity once high-risk individuals are screened out ( Vleck, 2009 ; Vleck and Hoeden, 2020 ), and its athletes have been proposed as a potential model for successful aging ( Lepers, 2020 ), health issues such as overuse injury, illness, fatigue, and burnout may also be highly prevalent in this population. Such issues have the potential to overshadow the numerous physical and mental health benefits that are associated with the sport ( Vleck et al, 2014 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mood profiles of amateur triathletes: Implications for mental health and performance

et al. 2022

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Moods have been shown to be predictive of athletic performance and a reflection of mental health status. The aims of our study were (a) to compare pre-race mood scores of triathletes with population norms; (b) to compare pre-race mood scores of triathletes grouped by gender and age bands; (c) to explore whether six distinct mood profile clusters reported in the literature were evident among triathletes and their respective prevalence; (d) to determine if pre-race mood scores predicted triathlon performance; and (e) to interpret our findings in terms of the risk of mental health issues for triathletes. Participants were 592 age-group triathletes (also referred to as recreational or amateur triathletes) who completed the Brunel Mood Scale pre-race and recorded their time goal for the race. Mean mood scores deviated significantly from population norms, with Tension and Vigor scores at the 55th and 54th percentile, respectively, and Depression, Anger, Fatigue, and Confusion scores between the 42nd and 46th percentile. Females reported higher Tension scores than males (p < 0.001), and those in the 18–25 years and 26–35 years age bands reported higher Tension scores than those in the 46–55 years age band (p < 0.008). Using k-means cluster analysis, six distinct mood profiles were identified, the distribution of which approximated the general population, except for a low prevalence of very negative profiles. Mean scores for Depression and Anger were exceptionally low and only 1.5% of triathletes, compared to the normal prevalence of ~5%, reported an “inverse Everest” profile, which is associated with elevated risk of psychopathology. Mood scores did not predict triathlon performance, assessed by finish time as a percentage of time goal. Results showed an association between triathlon participation and psychological well-being. Findings will inform future investigations of mood responses among triathletes and provide a relevant point of reference for applied practitioners who work with triathletes.

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“…To maintain this training volume, triathletes may continue to train even when injured, by increasing their training load in another exercise mode to that in which the injury was sustained [4,9,10]. This approach to management of training loads and shifting of training to other modes when injured may expose recreational level triathletes to higher levels of risk for sustaining negative, training related, health outcomes [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Training Characteristics of Recreational-Level Triathletes: Influence on Fatigue and Health

Neto

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Vleck

et al. 2021

Sports

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Little is known about how recreational triathletes prepare for an Olympic distance event. The aim of this study was to identify the training characteristics of recreational-level triathletes within the competition period and assess how their preparation for a triathlon influences their health and their levels of fatigue. During the 6 weeks prior to, and the 2 weeks after, an Olympic distance triathlon, nine recreational athletes (five males, four females) completed a daily training log. Participants answered the Daily Analysis of Life Demands Questionnaire (DALDA), the Training Distress Scale (TDS) and the Alberta Swim Fatigue and Health Questionnaire weekly. The Recovery-Stress Questionnaire (REST-Q) was completed at the beginning of the study, on the day before the competition, and at the end of week 8. Training loads were calculated using session-based rating of perceived exertion (sRPE). The data from every week of training was compared to week 1 to determine how athletes’ training and health changed throughout the study. No changes in training loads, duration or training intensity distribution were seen in the weeks leading up to the competition. Training duration was significantly reduced in week 6 (p = 0.041, d = 1.58, 95% CI = 6.9, 421.9), while the number of sessions was reduced in week 6 (Z = 2.32, p = 0.02, ES = 0.88) and week 7 (Z = 2.31, p = 0.02, ES = 0.87). Training was characterized by large weekly variations in training loads and a high training intensity. No significant changes were seen in the DALDA, TDS or REST-Q questionnaire scores throughout the 8 weeks. Despite large spikes in training load and a high overall training intensity, these recreational-level triathletes were able to maintain their health in the 6 weeks of training prior to an Olympic distance triathlon.

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Epidemiological Aspects of Illness and Injury

Cited by 5 publications

References 52 publications

Injuries in Medium to Long-Distance Triathlon: A Retrospective Analysis of Medical Conditions Treated in Three Editions of the Ironman Competition

Injuries in Medium to Long-Distance Triathlon: A Retrospective Analysis of Medical Conditions Treated in Three Editions of the Ironman Competition

Mood profiles of amateur triathletes: Implications for mental health and performance

The Training Characteristics of Recreational-Level Triathletes: Influence on Fatigue and Health

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