Epidemiological Aspects of Infectious Conjunctivitis

Mejia-Lopez, Herlinda; Pantoja-Meléndez, Carlos; Climent-Flores, Alejandro; Lucio, Víctor Manuel Bautista-de

doi:10.5772/27755

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 53 publications

(47 reference statements)

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“…S. pneumoniae can be plausibly transmitted from the nasopharynx to the conjunctiva through the nasolacrimal duct, by the retrograde passage of fluid from the nose to the conjunctiva during nasal congestion and because of short ducts during infancy and early childhood. Also, S. pneumoniae may reach the conjunctival sac from the skin, the surrounding environment, hand contamination, and through contact with persons such as the mother 36 . The low nasopharyngeal carriage prevalence of mothers in this study indicates that they were unlikely to be the major source of transmission.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae in conjunctival flora and association with nasopharyngeal carriage among children in a Vietnamese community

Mohamed

Toizumi

Uematsu

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Conjunctival pneumococcal serotypes among members of a community have not been investigated well. We determined the prevalence and association of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the nasopharynx and conjunctiva among children in a community before pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction. In October 2016, conjunctival and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from children (< 24 months old) and nasopharyngeal swabs from mothers in Nha Trang, Vietnam. Quantitative lytA PCR and DNA microarray were performed to detect and serotype S. pneumoniae. The association between S. pneumoniae in the nasopharynx and conjunctiva was evaluated using multivariable logistic regression model. Among 698 children, 62 (8.9%, 95% CI 6.9–11.2%) were positive for S. pneumoniae in the conjunctiva. Non-encapsulated S. pneumoniae were most commonly identified, followed by serotypes 6A, 6B, and 14. Nasopharyngeal and conjunctival detection were positively associated (aOR 47.30, 95% CI 24.07–92.97). Low birth-weight, day-care attendance, and recent eye symptoms were independently associated with S. pneumoniae detection in the conjunctiva (aOR 11.14, 95% CI 3.76–32.98, aOR 2.19, 95% CI 1.45–3.31, and aOR 3.59, 95% CI 2.21–5.84, respectively). Serotypes and genotypes in the conjunctiva and nasopharynx matched in 87% of the children. Three mothers’ nasopharyngeal pneumococcal samples had matched serotype and genotype with their child’s in the conjunctiva and nasopharynx. S. pneumoniae presence in nasopharynx and conjunctiva were strongly associated. The high concordance of serotypes suggests nasopharyngeal carriage may be a source of transmission to the conjunctiva.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Swabs were sent to the Pasteur Institute Nha Trang, where DNA extraction and real-time qPCR targeting lytA of S. pneumoniae was performed. Samples that were positive (Ct value < 35) or equivocal (Ct value [35][36][37][38][39][40] by qPCR-testing were cultured on selective agar, and DNA was extracted from bacterial growth on the QIAcube…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae in conjunctival flora and association with nasopharyngeal carriage among children in a Vietnamese community

Mohamed

Toizumi

Uematsu

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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“…Infectious conjunctivitis is caused mainly by bacteria, which account for 60% of the cases, but can also be caused by viruses (20%) and to a lesser extent by fungi and parasites. [2,3,10] More than a third of eye conditions reported by health services worldwide are related to infectious conjunctivitis. In addition, it is a highly contagious disease, with the ability to spread rapidly.…”

Section: Historical Facts: Besifloxacin £ Conjunctivitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Besifloxacin: A Critical Review of Its Characteristics, Properties, and Analytical Methods

Tótoli

Salgado

2018

Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry

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Bacterial conjunctivitis has high impact on the health of the population, since it represents more than a third of ocular pathologies reported by health services worldwide. There is a high incidence of bacterial resistance to the antimicrobials most commonly used for the treatment of conjunctivitis. In this context, besifloxacin stands out, since it is a fluoroquinolone developed exclusively for topical ophthalmic use, presenting a low risk of developing resistance due to its reduced systemic exposure. Bausch & Lomb markets it as ophthalmic suspension, under the trade name Besivance™. Literature review on besifloxacin is presented, covering its pharmaceutical and clinical characteristics, and the analytical methods used to measure the drug in pharmaceutical products and biological samples. High performance liquid chromatography is the most used method for this purpose. A discussion on Green Chemistry is also presented, focusing the importance of the development of green analytical methods for the analysis of drugs.

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“…Conjunctivitis refers to the inflammatory process of the conjunctiva and affects all age groups [ 1 ]. Bacterial conjunctivitis is responsible for more than one-third of eye complications worldwide, causing pain and discomfort to patients, decreasing their quality of life, and increasing health care costs [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Alfonso and colleagues [ 6 ] report that the costs of treating conjunctivitis ranged from 377 to 875 million dollars annually in the United States.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Besifloxacin Nanocrystal: Towards an Innovative Ophthalmic Preparation

et al. 2022

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Bacterial conjunctivitis significantly impacts public health, including more than one-third of eye diseases reported worldwide. It is an infection caused by various aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and is highly contagious. Therefore, it has a high incidence of bacterial resistance to the antibiotics commonly used for treatment. Among the most recent antibiotics, besifloxacin is a fourth-generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic indicated exclusively for topical ophthalmic use. Due to its importance in treating bacterial conjunctivitis and its low solubility in water, limiting its efficacy, a nanotechnology-based drug delivery preparation was developed to overcome this hurdle. Besifloxacin nanocrystals were prepared by small-scale wet milling and response surface methodology, using Povacoat® as a stabilizer. The particle’s average hydrodynamic diameter (Z-ave) was approximately 550 nm (17 times smaller than raw material), with a polydispersity index (PdI) of less than 0.2. The saturation solubility increased about two times compared to the raw material, making it possible to increase the dissolution rate of this drug substance, potentially improving its bioavailability and safety. The optimized preparation was stable under an accelerated stability study (90 days). The Z-ave, PZ, PdI, and content did not alter significantly during this period. Furthermore, the 0.6% m/m besifloxacin nanocrystals at the maximum dose and the Povacoat® stabilizer did not show toxicity in Galleria mellonella larvae. The innovative ophthalmic preparation minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 0.0960 µg/mL and 1.60 µg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively, confirming in vitro efficacy. Therefore, besifloxacin nanocrystals revealed the potential for reduced dosing of the drug substance, with a minor occurrence of adverse effects and greater patient adherence to treatment.

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Epidemiological Aspects of Infectious Conjunctivitis

Cited by 5 publications

References 53 publications

Prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae in conjunctival flora and association with nasopharyngeal carriage among children in a Vietnamese community

Prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae in conjunctival flora and association with nasopharyngeal carriage among children in a Vietnamese community

Besifloxacin: A Critical Review of Its Characteristics, Properties, and Analytical Methods

Besifloxacin Nanocrystal: Towards an Innovative Ophthalmic Preparation

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