Epidemiological characteristics and some risk factors of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Larache, Morocco

Abstract

Introduction this work aims to bring out the epidemiological characteristics of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) in the province of Larache (Morocco) and to investigate the effect of gender and age on its localization and treatment outcome. Methods it consists in a retrospective study based on 2962 cases of EPTB, reported during the period 2000 to 2012. Results the mean age was 31.74 ± 18.83 years, with a median age of 26. Males are more affected by this form of tuberculosis, with a male to female sex-ratio of 1,15. The EPTB affects particularly the young population whose age is between 15 and 34 years. The pleural and lymph node localizations are the most common with 45% and 28% respectively. The statistical analysis reveals that younger patients are preferentially affected by lymph node tuberculosis whereas oldest ones are more likely to suffer from urogenital and pericardial tuberculosis. Regarding the treatment outcome, we demonstrated that age is significantly associated with the treatment outcome and that deaths occur preferentially in the oldest patients. Finally, we found out a significant association between males and pleural ETB localization, and between females and lymph node and peritoneo-itestinal ETB localizations. Conclusion special attention must be paid to the mentioned most vulnerable categories of EPTB patients.

Prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis in Al-Najaf governorate, Iraq

“…[20][21][22] In this study, the equal numbers of male and female infected with PTB may be due to there have their equal involvement in society and public life. 23 Therefore, man and women are vulnerable to PTB in equal percentage. Male and female have different combinations of risk factors for PTB but the main reason still not fully unclear.…”

Tuberculosis epidemiological trend in Sousse, Tunisia during twenty years (2000–2019)

“…Worldwide, out of the 6.3 million new cases of tuberculosis recognized in 2017, 16% were extra-pulmonary with an incidence rate ranging from 8% in the Western Pacific Region to 24% in the Eastern Mediterranean Region [ 24 ]. Extra-pulmonary cases represented 20% of all tuberculosis cases in Korea [ 40 ], 33% in China [ 24 ], 49% in both Morocco and Ethiopia [ 37 , 39 ] and reached 51% in India [ 41 ]. In the European Union and the European Economic Area, more than 150,000 cases of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis were declared in the 30 member states from 2002 to 2011 which accounted for 19.3% of all cases [ 42 ].…”

Real time endobronchial ultrasound transbronchial needle aspiration for the diagnosis of tuberculous intrathoracic lymphadenopathy

“…7 In many of these cases TB involving the intrathoracic and extrathoracic lymph nodes are the most common presentation of EPTB. [3][4][5][6][7] Obtaining the correct diagnosis in individuals with intrathoracic tuberculous lymphadenopathy (INTBLA) is crucial in order to rule out other differential diagnoses like sarcoidosis, lymphoma and intrathoracic metastasis, and before commencing anti TB drugs. Although mediastinoscopy is the gold standard technique for obtaining tissues samples from the mediastinum, it is limited by the fact that some lymph node stations are not accessible via mediastinoscopy, and the procedure requires surgical expertise and anesthesia.…”

“… 3 - 4 In Australia, EPTB represented 34.2% of all notified TB cases, while in Morocco EPTB accounts for 43.5% of all cases of reported TB. 5 - 6 A recent analysis carried out in Saudi Arabia estimates that a substantial fraction of notified TB cases are EPTB. 7 In many of these cases TB involving the intrathoracic and extrathoracic lymph nodes are the most common presentation of EPTB.…”