Epidemiology and Management Challenges in Prolactinomas

Vroonen, Laurent; Daly, Adrian; Beckers, Albert

doi:10.1159/000497746

Cited by 92 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…Known risk factors for meningioma include obesity, ionizing radiation exposure, and family history (80); the etiology of other nonmalignant brain tumors is less well understood. The elevated incidence of pituitary adenomas among younger women compared with men may be related, at least in part, to a higher incidence of prolactinomas, a subtype of pituitary adenoma that predominantly affects premenopausal women (82). The symptoms of nonmalignant brain and CNS tumors can be severe and may persist after treatment (83–86).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, Featuring Cancer in Men and Women Age 20–49 Years

Em¹,

Rl²,

Henley³

et al. 2019

JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute

257

195

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Background The American Cancer Society, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Cancer Institute, and North American Association of Central Cancer Registries provide annual updates on cancer occurrence and trends by cancer type, sex, race, ethnicity, and age in the United States. This year’s report highlights the cancer burden among men and women age 20–49 years. Methods Incidence data for the years 1999 to 2015 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention- and National Cancer Institute–funded population-based cancer registry programs compiled by the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and death data for the years 1999 to 2016 from the National Vital Statistics System were used. Trends in age-standardized incidence and death rates, estimated by joinpoint, were expressed as average annual percent change. Results Overall cancer incidence rates (per 100 000) for all ages during 2011–2015 were 494.3 among male patients and 420.5 among female patients; during the same time period, incidence rates decreased 2.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] = −2.6% to −1.6%) per year in men and were stable in females. Overall cancer death rates (per 100 000) for all ages during 2012–2016 were 193.1 among male patients and 137.7 among female patients. During 2012–2016, overall cancer death rates for all ages decreased 1.8% (95% CI = −1.8% to −1.8%) per year in male patients and 1.4% (95% CI = −1.4% to −1.4%) per year in females. Important changes in trends were stabilization of thyroid cancer incidence rates in women and rapid declines in death rates for melanoma of the skin (both sexes). Among adults age 20–49 years, overall cancer incidence rates were substantially lower among men (115.3 per 100 000) than among women (203.3 per 100 000); cancers with the highest incidence rates (per 100 000) among men were colon and rectum (13.1), testis (10.7), and melanoma of the skin (9.8), and among women were breast (73.2), thyroid (28.4), and melanoma of the skin (14.1). During 2011 to 2015, the incidence of all invasive cancers combined among adults age 20–49 years decreased −0.7% (95% CI = −1.0% to −0.4%) among men and increased among women (1.3%, 95% CI = 0.7% to 1.9%). The death rate for (per 100 000) adults age 20–49 years for all cancer sites combined during 2012 to 2016 was 22.8 among men and 27.1 among women; during the same time period, death rates decreased 2.3% (95% CI = −2.4% to −2.2%) per year among men and 1.7% (95% CI = −1.8% to −1.6%) per year among women. Conclusions Among people of all ages and ages 20–49 years, favorable as well as unfavorable trends in site-specific cancer incidence were observed, whereas trends in death rates were generally favorable. Characterizing the cancer burden may inform research and cancer-control efforts.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, Featuring Cancer in Men and Women Age 20–49 Years

Em¹,

Rl²,

Henley³

et al. 2019

JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute

257

195

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“…Prolactinomas are the most frequent subtype of adenoma and occur in approximately 30% of patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1). They are more frequent in women (sex ratio 2:1), who usually have microadenomas; while in men, due to diagnostic delay, they are usually macroadenomas [77]. For both, micro-and macroprolactinomas, DAs are the treatment of choice.…”

Section: Prolactinomasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Somatostatin Analogs in Clinical Practice: A Review

Gomes-Porras

Cárdenas-Salas

Álvarez-Escolá

2020

IJMS

164

136

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Somatostatin analogs are an invaluable therapeutic option in the diagnosis and treatment of somatotropinomas, thyrotropinomas, and functioning and non-functioning gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. They should also be considered an effective and safe therapeutic alternative to corticotropinomas, gonadotropinomas, and prolactinomas resistant to dopamine agonists. Somatostatin analogs have also shown to be useful in the treatment of other endocrine diseases (congenital hyperinsulinism, Graves' orbitopathy, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema), non-endocrine tumors (breast, colon, prostate, lung, and hepatocellular), and digestive diseases (chronic refractory diarrhea, hepatorenal polycystosis, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, dumping syndrome, and intestinal fistula).

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“…With mostly benign, prolactin-producing PAs (prolactinomas) are known to be one of the most common causes of hyperprolactinemia. Although hyperprolactinemia can be caused by various etiologies, including pregnancy, breastfeeding, exercise, stress, renal or thyroid insufficiency, drugs, and pituitary stalk compression by a non-prolactin-producing tumor or other parasellar masses [41], prolactin-producing PAs are considered to be the most clinically important etiological factor underlying hyperprolactinemia [42]. Ezzat et al [43] performed a meta-analysis demonstrating that prolactinomas were the most common PAs, accounting for 25% to 41% according to radiologic or autopsy studies.…”

Section: Prolactin-producing Pituitary Adenomas (Prolactinomas)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Functioning Pituitary Adenomas

Chin

2020

Endocrinol Metab

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Pituitary adenomas (PAs) are defined as benign monoclonal tumors in the pituitary gland that cause symptoms due to either hormonal hypersecretion or a space-occupying effect, and are classified as functioning or non-functioning. Because of their rarity and slowgrowing with symptomless nature in most cases, it has been challenging to investigate the epidemiology of PAs. Considering their public health impact and association with increased morbidity and mortality, however, it is essential to understand the prevalence and incidence of PAs in order to improve patient outcomes and to minimize the resultant burden on the health care system. Fortunately, developments in imaging modalities and easier access to large-scale population data have enabled investigators to analyze the epidemiology of PAs more accurately. This review summarizes previously reported epidemiologic data on functioning PAs in Korea and other countries.

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Epidemiology and Management Challenges in Prolactinomas

Cited by 92 publications

References 73 publications

Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, Featuring Cancer in Men and Women Age 20–49 Years

Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, Featuring Cancer in Men and Women Age 20–49 Years

Somatostatin Analogs in Clinical Practice: A Review

Epidemiology of Functioning Pituitary Adenomas

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