Somatostatin Analogs in Clinical Practice: A Review

Abstract

Somatostatin analogs are an invaluable therapeutic option in the diagnosis and treatment of somatotropinomas, thyrotropinomas, and functioning and non-functioning gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. They should also be considered an effective and safe therapeutic alternative to corticotropinomas, gonadotropinomas, and prolactinomas resistant to dopamine agonists. Somatostatin analogs have also shown to be useful in the treatment of other endocrine diseases (congenital hyperinsulinism, Graves' orbitopathy, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema), non-endocrine tumors (breast, colon, prostate, lung, and hepatocellular), and digestive diseases (chronic refractory diarrhea, hepatorenal polycystosis, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, dumping syndrome, and intestinal fistula).

Case Report: Irreversible Watery Diarrhea, Severe Metabolic Acidosis, Hypokalemia and Achloridria Syndrome Related to Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Secreting Malignant Pheochromocytoma

“…Based on the concept that neuroendocrine tumors widely express somatostatin receptors and as recommended by Food and Drug Administration and reported in literature (35,36), we treated our patient with lanreotide acetate, a synthetic cyclical octapeptide analog of somatostatin to inhibit VIP release and improve the WDHA syndrome. Octreotide has been reported to inhibit VIP release from pancreatic tumors reducing diarrhea in 75% of cases (37) and in a case of WDHA syndrome caused by a VIP-producing PHEO to be able to reverse a shock condition (14). The inefficacy of lanreotide treatment in our case was probably due to the paucity of SSTR2A on VIP-secreting PHEO cells observed at immunohistochemistry ( Figure 2H), as previously reported (19).…”

Octreotide and lanreotide decrease ovarian ischemia–reperfusion injury in rats by improving oxidative and nitrosative stress

“…Lanreotide mimics octreotide and was developed in the 1990s aiming to act in a longer time 30 . Several years later lanreotide Autogel, a sustained release aqueous formulation, was presented as a prefilled syringe at doses of 60, 90 or 120 mg every 28 days 31 .…”

Technique Advances in Enteroatmospheric Fistula Isolation After Open Abdomen: A Review and Outlook

“…EAF requires comprehensive treatments: (1) nutritional support, among which the early total parenteral nutrition is beneficial for intestinal rest and spontaneous fistula closure; (2) somatostatin analogs, which reduce gastrointestinal (GI) secretions and allow fast fistula closure, but do not reduce the mortality. Most of the studies agree that the greatest benefit occurs in the first 10 days of treatment (13,14); (3) antibiotics, whose application should follow the Surviving Sepsis guidelines, and empiric coverage should not exceed 4 to 7 days (15, 16); (4) maintenance of water and electrolyte balance. Fluid infusion is administered based on a general analysis of fistula's output and body fluid balance; (5) others, such as fibrin glue, endoscopic clips, and fistula plug can be considered the adjuvant therapy for non-operative fistula closure (17)(18)(19)(20).…”