Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Staging and Multimodal Therapy of Esophageal and Gastric Tumors

Abstract

Gastric and esophageal tumors are diverse neoplasms that involve mucosal and submucosal tissue layers and include squamous cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, spindle cell neoplasms, neuroendocrine tumors, marginal B cell lymphomas, along with less common tumors. The worldwide burden of esophageal and gastric malignancies is significant, with esophageal and gastric cancer representing the ninth and fifth most common cancers, respectively. The approach to diagnosis and staging of these lesions is multimodal and includes a combination of gastrointestinal endoscopy, endoscopic ultrasound, and cross-sectional imaging. Likewise, therapy is multidisciplinary and combines therapeutic endoscopy, surgery, radiotherapy, and systemic chemotherapeutic tools. Future directions for diagnosis of esophageal and gastric malignancies are evolving rapidly and will involve advances in endoscopic and endosonographic techniques including tethered capsules, optical coherence tomography, along with targeted cytologic and serological analyses.

Zespół rakowiaka: kliniczny opis przypadku rakowiaka: opuszki dwunastnicy, płuca, raka jasnokomórkowego nerki.

“…Za najbardziej swoiste markery immunohistochemiczne w NET uważa się Chromograninę A i synaptofizynę [ 41]. Dane od 2000 do 2012 roku Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Program (SEER) wykazały, że tylko 7%-8% NET przewodu pokarmowego znajduje się w żołądku [42]. Za najczęstszą przyczynę prowadzącą do wykrycia NET w żołądku, uważa się przewlekłą niedokrwistość.…”

Targeted Photodynamic Diagnosis and Therapy for Esophageal Cancer: Potential Role of Functionalized Nanomedicine

“…Imaging diagnostic procedures are performed following cancer suspicions, and these involve examining the esophagus walls to detect alterations, irritations, and the extend of metastases. These procedures include barium esophagram, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) [7]. A biopsy is a vital procedure that helps characterize the histological cell types of esophageal cancer and provide more cellular and molecular information of the cancer cells [8].…”

“…Surgical therapies are mainly recommended for early-stage cancer. Despite being the most commonly employed treatment, it is without doubt associated with complications which include sepsis, hemorrhage, blood clots, damage to adjacent organs, stricture of the esophagus from surgical wounds, and collapse of the vocal cords [7,11].…”

“…This treatment could be used in the following scenario, (a) alone as a curative therapy to kill cancer cells in cases where surgery cannot be conducted, (b) as neoadjuvant therapy alone or in combination with chemotherapy before surgery, to reduce the tumor size (c) as adjuvant therapy alone or in combination with chemotherapy after surgery, to eliminate any leftover cancer, and (d) as palliative therapy with the aims to enhance the quality of life to alleviate the pains and symptoms. The disadvantage of radiation is that it results in genetic alteration of adjacent non-cancerous tissue cells, fatigue, skin irritations, loss of appetite, and weight loss [7,9].…”

Metabolomics of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Tissues: Potential Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Promising Targets for Therapy

“…In recent years, with the continuous maturity of metabolomics technology, many laboratories at home and abroad have used MRS or MS metabolomics technology to detect metabolic profiles in tissues, blood, or urine of patients with esophageal cancer; trying to the pathogenesis of esophageal cancer was found from the significantly changed metabolites [24][25][26][27]. Unfortunately, there is still no clear disease mechanism, but the results suggest that there are indeed changes in metabolites and metabolic pathways in the development of esophageal cancer, which accumulated important data for subsequent metabolomic research analysis, since the typical epidemiological survey of esophageal cancer shows that the incidence is related to the patient's diet, occupational habits, gender, age, and other factors [28][29][30][31][32][33]. And compared with MRS [34], MS can provide higher sensitivity for the identification and quantification of metabolites and reduce the complexity of metabolite separation; therefore, this study used HPLC-TOF-MS/MS technology.…”