Epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema and related vision loss

Abstract

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision-loss globally. Of an estimated 285 million people with diabetes mellitus worldwide, approximately one third have signs of DR and of these, a further one third of DR is vision-threatening DR, including diabetic macular edema (DME). The identification of established modifiable risk factors for DR such as hyperglycemia and hypertension has provided the basis for risk factor control in preventing onset and progression of DR. Additional research investigating novel risk factors has improved our understanding of multiple biological pathways involved in the pathogenesis of DR and DME, especially those involved in inflammation and oxidative stress. Variations in DR prevalence between populations have also sparked interest in genetic studies to identify loci associated with disease susceptibility. In this review, major trends in the prevalence, incidence, progression and regression of DR and DME are explored, and gaps in literature identified. Established and novel risk factors are also extensively reviewed with a focus on landmark studies and updates from the recent literature.

Рівень Глікемії Та Інсулінорезистентності У хворих На цукровий Діабет 2-Го Типу, Діабетичну ретинопатію Та ожиріння

“…Выявление модифициру-емых факторов риска ДР, таких как гипергликемия и артериальная гипертензия, послужило основой для формирования системы контроля этих факто-ров для предотвращения возникновения и прогрес-сирования ДР. В связи с вышеизложенным является актуальным дальнейшее исследование влияния ги-пергликемии на развитие ДР, особенно у больных с СД 2-го типа (СД2), в сочетании с метаболическим синдромом, кластерами которого являются инсули-норезистентность, сахарный диабет, артериальная гипертензия, дислипидемия и другие [2].…”

An Evidence-based Approach to Using Intravitreal Steroids in the Management of Diabetic Macular Oedema

“…There was a mean BCVA gain of 9.5 letters at month 36 and CMT decrease from 451 μm at baseline, to 370 μm at month 12 (p=0.001), 377 μm at month 24 (p=0.004), and 280 μm at month 36 (p=0.001). The mean number of injections received by patients was 3.6 (95% CI, [3][4], and the mean time to retreatment was 7.3 months (95% CI, 6.5-8.1) over the 36 months.…”

Bevacizumab in diabetic macular edema. A retrospective analysis of the efficacy of treatment in a group of 100 patients

“…Similarly, the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial reported that 27% of type 1 diabetic patients develop DME within nine years of onset [5]. An even higher incidence of macular edema has been reported in patients with type 2 diabetes [6].…”