Epidemiology of Drug Resistance: Implications for a Post—Antimicrobial Era

Cohen, Mitchell L.

doi:10.1126/science.257.5073.1050

Cited by 1,166 publications

(681 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…As mentioned previously, the antibiotic resistance of some bacterial strains has become a serious health problem as resistance to multiple antibiotics has been commonly described (Cohen 1992;Gibbons 1992;Siu 2002;Frontoso et al 2008) and was observed also in our study. Few studies are available on the development of antibiotic resistance of bacteria in horses.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Incidence of bacterial pathogens in equine uterine swabs, their antibiotic resistance patterns, and selected reproductive indices in English thoroughbred mares during the foal heat cycle

Benko¹,

Boldižár²,

Novotný³

et al. 2015

Vet. Med.

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Fertility problems of mares on a well-managed breeding farm with thoroughbred stallions have been ascribed mostly to contamination of the reproductive apparatus of females with pathogens, particularly those of bacterial origin. This study presents a summary of the frequency of bacterial pathogens isolated from 437 cervical swabs which were collected from English thoroughbred mares intended for mating between 2008-2014, as well as of resistance tests of these pathogens to seven commonly used antibiotics as follows: penicillin, gentamicin, tetracycline, sulfisoxazole, cefotaxime, marbofloxacin and enrofloxacin. In addition, the study reports the changes in the levels of plasma oestradiol and progesterone determined two to three days before and two to three days after the first postpartum ovulation in mares with positive and dubious bacteriological findings and percentage of barren mares and mares that conceived at first, second and third post-partum ovulations. It was observed that 21.5% of mares were barren even after the third post-partum cycles. The oestradiol levels determined two to three days before the first post-partum ovulation were significantly lower in mares positive for pathogenic microflora in their reproductive apparatus compared to mares with the dubious findings (25.1 ± 5.8 pg/ml vs. 69.7 ± 18.3 pg/ml; P < 0.05), while the mean progesterone levels did not differ significantly but displayed a rather wide range in positive mares (from 0.08 to 1.38 ng/ml) compared to dubious mares with only small variations (0.12 ± 0.03 ng/ml). Moreover, of the total number of cervical swabs taken shortly before the first post-partum oestrus from all the mares intended for mating as many as 69.7% were contaminated with pathogenic microflora (positive findings). Saprophytic microorganisms only (the dubious findings) were isolated from 29.7% of swabs. From the 307 positive swabs, we could identify 40.4% positive for β-haemolytic streptococci and 20.4% positive for Escherichia coli, the pathogens implicated in causing reproductive disorders. Tests of antibiotic resistance of the investigated pathogens revealed that both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria showed high susceptibility to antibiotics such as cefotaxime, marbofloxacin and enrofloxacin. On the other hand, both these bacterial groups showed high resistance to routinely used broad-spectrum antibiotics, such as penicillin and tetracycline. Because further research is required for a full understanding of the mechanism of pathogenesis of post-breeding endometritis, we can only hypothesise that uterine contamination with pathogenic microflora, particularly with β-haemolytic streptococci and coliform bacteria, diagnosed before the first post-partum ovulation, could negatively affect the hormonal regulation of oestrus and result in mare fertility problems.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Incidence of bacterial pathogens in equine uterine swabs, their antibiotic resistance patterns, and selected reproductive indices in English thoroughbred mares during the foal heat cycle

Benko¹,

Boldižár²,

Novotný³

et al. 2015

Vet. Med.

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“…Because of the mutagenic nature of bacterial DNA, the rapid multiplication of bacterial cells, and the constant transformation of bacterial cells due to plasmid exchange and uptake, pathogenic bacteria continue to develop antimicrobial resistance, thus rendering certain antibiotics useless. An increased number of pathogens have also developed resistance [1,2] to multiple antibiotics (Multiple Drug Resistance), threatening to develop complete immunity against all antimicrobial agents and therefore be untreatable. Thus, the search for novel antimicrobial agents is of the utmost importance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro evaluation of Datura innoxia (thorn-apple) for potential antibacterial activity

Kaushik

Goyal

2008

Indian J Microbiol

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Various parts of Datura innoxia were examined for potential antibacterial activity by preparing their crude aqueous and organic extracts against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi) and Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus). The results of agar well diffusion assay indicated that the pattern of inhibition depends largely upon the plant part, solvent used for extraction and the organism tested. Extracts prepared from leaves were shown to have better effi cacy than stem and root extracts. Organic extracts provided potent antibacterial activity as compared to aqueous extracts. Among all the extracts, methanolic extract was found most active against almost all the bacterial species tested. Gram-positive bacteria were found most sensitive as compared to Gram-negative bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus was signifi cantly inhibited by almost all the extracts even at very low MIC followed by other Gram-positives. For Escherichia coli (a Gram-negative bacterium), the end point was not reached for ethyl acetate extract while it was very high for other extracts. The study promises an interesting future for designing a potentially active antibacterial agent from Datura innoxia.

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“…Since the introduction of antibiotics there has been tremendous increase in the resistance of diverse bacterial pathogens (6,11). This shift in susceptibility greatly affects our ability to successfully treat patients empirically.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial activity of some of the south-Indian spices against serotypes of Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes and Aeromonas hydrophila

Indu¹,

Hatha²,

Abirosh³

et al. 2006

Braz. J. Microbiol.

157

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Antibacterial activity of extracts of Allium sativum (garlic), Myristica fragrans (nutmeg), Zingiber officinale (ginger), Allium cepa (onion) and Piper nigrum (pepper) has been evaluated against 20 different serogroups of Escherichia coli, 8 serotypes of Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes and Aeromonas hydrophila. Garlic extract showed excellent antibacterial activity against all the test organisms, except L. monocytogenes. Nutmeg showed good anti-listerial activity, although activity against E. coli and Salmonella were serotype dependent. Both garlic and nutmeg extracts were effective against A. hydrophila. Extracts of ginger showed inhibitory activity against two serogroups of E. coli: as O8 (enterotoxigenic E. coli) and O88 only. Extracts of onion and pepper did not show any antibacterial activity against the test organisms.

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Epidemiology of Drug Resistance: Implications for a Post—Antimicrobial Era

Cited by 1,166 publications

References 38 publications

Incidence of bacterial pathogens in equine uterine swabs, their antibiotic resistance patterns, and selected reproductive indices in English thoroughbred mares during the foal heat cycle

Incidence of bacterial pathogens in equine uterine swabs, their antibiotic resistance patterns, and selected reproductive indices in English thoroughbred mares during the foal heat cycle

In vitro evaluation of Datura innoxia (thorn-apple) for potential antibacterial activity

Antimicrobial activity of some of the south-Indian spices against serotypes of Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes and Aeromonas hydrophila

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