Epidemiology of Mycoplasma Agalactiae Infection in Free-Ranging Spanish Ibex (Capra Pyrenaica) in Andalusia, Southern Spain

Verbisck-Bucker, G; González-Candela, Mónica; Galián, José; Pablo, María José Cubero; Martín-Atance, Pablo; León-Vizcaíno, Luís

doi:10.7589/0090-3558-44.2.369

Cited by 23 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The infection status had a significant effect on milk production and somatic cell count, however a P value of 0.07 was found for lactose percentage ( Table 3). The percentage of ewes affected was lower than the 7.9% observed by Contreras et al (2008) in goat bulk-tank milk and the 11.2% reported by Verbisck-Bucker et al (2008) in Spanish ibex wild goat. With regard to the effect of losses in milk production, the estimated losses were approximately 12.5% and ranged from 1514 g for healthy ewes to 1327 g for infected ewes.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 64%

Effect of Mycoplasma agalactiae mastitis on milk production and composition in Valle dell Belice dairy sheep

Tolone

Sutera

Borrello

et al. 2019

Italian Journal of Animal Science

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Contagious agalactia (CA), a disease caused by Mycoplasma agalactiae and other pathogenic mycoplasmas, is a well-known multietiological syndrome affecting dairy breeds of sheep and goats in the Mediterranean basin. The aim of this work was to study the effect on milk production and composition of mastitis caused by M. agalactiae in Valle del Belice dairy sheep. All ewes were manually milked twice daily and the milk from both daily milking was analysed for milk composition and somatic cell counts. Moreover the morning milk samples were collected aseptically from each animal for bacteriological analyses. A mixed linear model was utilised to consider milk production and composition between animals infected by CA and healthy animals. After bacteriological investigation using both cultural and molecular methods, 37 ewes were found to be infected by M. agalactiae while 50 uninfected ewes were randomly selected from the same herds to compare milk production and composition between infected and healthy animals. Statistical analyses showed that the infection with M. agalactiae had a significant effect on yield and some milk components. In particular, infected ewes showed lower milk production with lower lactose content and higher somatic cell counts. The implementation of disease control programmes based on rapid laboratory diagnosis and modern control methods is desirable for Mediterranean endemic areas. HIGHLIGHTS Contagious agalactia is caused by M. agalactiae and affects small ruminant dairy farms in the Mediterranean basin. Contagious agalactia is endemic in many countries and has a severe health and economic impact. Effect on milk production and composition of mastitis caused by M. agalactiae.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 64%

Effect of Mycoplasma agalactiae mastitis on milk production and composition in Valle dell Belice dairy sheep

Tolone

Sutera

Borrello

et al. 2019

Italian Journal of Animal Science

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“…Those species have been found in the conjunctiva of some wild ruminants such as the Iberian wild goat [39]. Other authors [41] have reported that many Iberian wild goats have been infected by M. agalactiae in southern Spain, which suggests that there is the potential for interspecific transmission between domestic and wild ruminants in that area. Those species were not agents of the IKC outbreak in Pyrenean chamois, which suggested a different epidemiological role of the various wild ruminants as carriers of contagious agalactia causing agents.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Dynamics of an Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis Outbreak by Mycoplasma conjunctivae on Pyrenean Chamois Rupicapra p. pyrenaica

Arnal

Herrero

et al. 2013

PLoS ONE

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Between 2006 and 2008, an outbreak of Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) affected Pyrenean chamois Rupicapra p. pyrenaica, an endemic subspecies of mountain ungulate that lives in the Pyrenees. The study focused on 14 mountain massifs (180,000 ha) where the species’ population is stable. Cases of IKC were detected in ten of the massifs and, in five of them, mortality was substantial. The outbreak spread quickly from the first location detected, with two peaks in mortality that affected one (2007) and three (2008) massifs. In the latter, the peak was seasonal (spring to autumn) and, in the former, the outbreak persisted through winter. To identify the outbreak’s aetiology, we examined 105 Pyrenean chamois clinically affected with IKC. TaqMan rt-PCR identified Mycoplasma conjunctivae in 93 (88.5%) of the chamois. Another rt-PCR detected Chlamydophila spp. in 14 of chamois, and 12 of those had mixed infections with mycoplasmas. In the period 2000–2007, the chamois population increased slightly (λ 1.026) but decreased significantly during the IKC outbreak (λ 0.8, 2007–2008; λ 0.85, 2008–2009) before increasing significantly after the outbreak (λ 1.1, 2009–2010). Sex-biased mortality shifted the adult sex ratio toward males (from 0.6 to 0.7 males per female) and reduced productivity slightly. Hunting was practically banned in the massifs where chamois experienced significant mortality and allowed again after the outbreak ended. Long-term monitoring of wild populations provides a basis for understanding the impacts of disease outbreaks and improves management decisions, particularly when species are subject to extractive exploitation.

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“…The predisposing factors for the occurrence of the disease are sex (in females), age (young animals), and metapopulation [57]. In the population of wild ibex the strains of M. agalactiae have been found to be highly related and appeared to originate from an individual parental clone spreading to another species of wild ungulate (chamois) in same geographical location.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycoplasma agalactiae, an Etiological Agent of Contagious Agalactia in Small Ruminants: A Review

Kumar

Rahal

Chakraborty³

et al. 2014

Veterinary Medicine International

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Mycoplasma agalactiae is one of the causal agents of classical contagious agalactia (CA), a serious, economically important but neglected enzootic disease of small ruminants. It occurs in many parts of the world and most notably in the Mediterranean Basin. Following the infection common complications are septicaemia, mastitis, arthritis, pleurisy, pneumonia, and keratoconjunctivitis. Primary or tentative diagnosis of the organism is based upon clinical signs. Various serological tests, namely, growth precipitation, immunofluorescence, complement fixation test, haemagglutination inhibition, agglutination, immunodiffusion, enzyme immunoassays, immunoelectrophoresis, blotting techniques, and others, are available. Molecular tools seem to be much more sensitive, specific, and faster and help to differentiate various strains. The real-time PCR, multiplex PCR, quantitative PCR, PCR-RFLP, MLST, and gene probes, complementary to segments of chromosomal DNA or 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), have strengthened the diagnosis of M. agalactiae. Both live attenuated and adjuvant (alum precipitated or saponified) inactivated vaccines are available with greater use of inactivated ones due to lack of side effects. The present review discusses the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical signs of contagious agalactia in small ruminants along with trends and advances in its diagnosis, treatment, vaccination, prevention, and control strategies that will help in countering this disease.

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Epidemiology of Mycoplasma Agalactiae Infection in Free-Ranging Spanish Ibex (Capra Pyrenaica) in Andalusia, Southern Spain

Cited by 23 publications

References 30 publications

Effect of Mycoplasma agalactiae mastitis on milk production and composition in Valle dell Belice dairy sheep

Effect of Mycoplasma agalactiae mastitis on milk production and composition in Valle dell Belice dairy sheep

Dynamics of an Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis Outbreak by Mycoplasma conjunctivae on Pyrenean Chamois Rupicapra p. pyrenaica

Mycoplasma agalactiae, an Etiological Agent of Contagious Agalactia in Small Ruminants: A Review

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