Epidemiology of Pine Wilt in Illinois

Malek, R. B.; Appleby, James E.

doi:10.1094/pd-69-180

Cited by 46 publications

(26 citation statements)

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“…B. xylophilus is present in relatively low numbers (an average of fewer than 300 nematodes per adult) and low frequencies in the other insects in Japan and the United States (Wingfield and Blanchette 1983;Malek and Appleby 1984;Linit 1988). The beetles considered major vectors such as M. carolinensis and M. alternatus all are capable of high nematode loads (19 000 and 15 000 per insect, respectively) compared with some of the other species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insect vectors of the pinewood nematode: a review of the biology and ecology of Monochamus species

2011

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Pine wilt disease (PWD), caused by the pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickle 1970, is a serious threat to susceptible pine forests of the world. The PWN is primarily vectored by Monochamus species (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). The first occurrence of PWD was reported from Japan in the early 1900s. Following this report, Japanese scientists documented the community of barkand phloem-inhabiting insects associated with the nematodes in dying trees to determine possible vectors of the nematode. Monochamus alternatus was reported to be the most effective vector in Japan. The primary vector in North America is Monochamus carolinensis, and in Europe, it is Monochamus galloprovincialis. Further studies have been expanded through the nematode-invaded countries of Korea, Taiwan, China and Portugal. There is an interspecific association between the PWN and its insect vectors, and it is an obligatory component of the disease cycle. It is crucial to understand this relationship as well as the population ecology of the beetle to aid in monitoring and control of this worldwide threat to pine forests. Studies to date indicate a remarkable similarity among beetle species around the globe for a variety of lifehistory traits, including lifespan, adult emergence numbers, flight capability, nematode transmission rates and attraction to pine volatiles. Wherever pines are found, there is a beetle species capable of transmitting the nematode. Although flight performance and range is generally poor for this group of beetle vectors, the cryptic nature of the species and the lack of interest in the beetles by countries in the absence of the nematode have led to the disease establishing a foothold in a variety of countries such as Portugal. In this paper, studies conducted in different countries on Monochamus vector species of the PWN are compared and discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insect vectors of the pinewood nematode: a review of the biology and ecology of Monochamus species

2011

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“…Although the nematode is widespread in North America, the pine wilt disease occurs only sporadically on pines planted outside their natural range (Bedker, 1987;Wingfield et al, 1984;Mamiya, 1987;Wingfield et al, 1986;Malek & Appleby, 1984).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenicity of the nematodes Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and B. mucronatus to Pinus sylvestris seedlings: A greenhouse test

Bakke¹,

Anderson

Kvamme³

1991

Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research

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“…Symptoms of PWN infestation include cessation of resin bleeding, a rapid reduction in foliage, and needle wilt (Fielding and Evans, 1996). This parasite is incredibly resilient to adverse climatic conditions and can survive for up to three years with little access to water (Malek and Appleby, 1984).…”

Section: The Risks Of Invasive Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Regulation, Science, and Interests in Transatlantic Trade Conflicts

Hornsby¹

2014

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The global political economy is in flux as a series of cumulative crises impacts its organization and governance. The IPE series has tracked its development in both analysis and structure over the last three decades. It has always had a concentration on the global South. Now the South increasingly challenges the North as the centre of development, also reflected in a growing number of submissions and publications on indebted Eurozone economies in Southern Europe.An indispensable resource for scholars and researchers, the series examines a variety of capitalisms and connections by focusing on emerging economies, companies and sectors, debates and policies. It informs diverse policy communities as the established trans-Atlantic North declines and 'the rest', especially the BRICS, rise.

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Epidemiology of Pine Wilt in Illinois

Cited by 46 publications

References 0 publications

Insect vectors of the pinewood nematode: a review of the biology and ecology of Monochamus species

Insect vectors of the pinewood nematode: a review of the biology and ecology of Monochamus species

Pathogenicity of the nematodes Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and B. mucronatus to Pinus sylvestris seedlings: A greenhouse test

Risk Regulation, Science, and Interests in Transatlantic Trade Conflicts

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