Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer

Abstract

Prostate cancer is the second most frequent cancer diagnosis made in men and the fifth leading cause of death worldwide. Prostate cancer may be asymptomatic at the early stage and often has an indolent course that may require only active surveillance. Based on GLOBOCAN 2018 estimates, 1,276,106 new cases of prostate cancer were reported worldwide in 2018, with higher prevalence in the developed countries. Differences in the incidence rates worldwide reflect differences in the use of diagnostic testing. Prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates are strongly related to the age with the highest incidence being seen in elderly men (> 65 years of age). African-American men have the highest incidence rates and more aggressive type of prostate cancer compared to White men. There is no evidence yet on how to prevent prostate cancer; however, it is possible to lower the risk by limiting high-fat foods, increasing the intake of vegetables and fruits and performing more exercise. Screening is highly recommended at age 45 for men with familial history and African-American men. Up-to-date statistics on prostate cancer occurrence and outcomes along with a better understanding of the etiology and causative risk factors are essential for the primary prevention of this disease.

Understanding Failure and Improving Treatment Using HDAC Inhibitors for Prostate Cancer

“…There were~1.3 million new cases of prostate cancer worldwide in 2018 and it is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in men [1]. Importantly, it ranks second among all cancer fatalities in males [2].…”

“…Even though the five-year survival for localized disease is 100%, it drops down to 29.3% if the prostate cancer metastasizes to other organs [3]. Furthermore, from 2005 to 2018 a 31% increase in the incidence of prostate cancer was observed from 974,000 to 1.3 million new cases [1,4]. The majority of prostate cancers are initially androgen-dependent [5].…”

Role of Specialized Composition of SWI/SNF Complexes in Prostate Cancer Lineage Plasticity

“…Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer and the fifth cause of cancer-related death in men worldwide 1,2 . Although most men are effectively treated by local therapies (surgery and/or radiotherapy) or can be followed by active surveillance, some develop metastatic recurrence or present with metastases at initial diagnosis.…”

Fidgetin-like 2 is a novel negative regulator of axonal growth and can be targeted to promote functional nerve regeneration after injury

“…This model is highly clinically relevant, since currently there are no clearly effective treatments for CN injury-induced ED post-RP [25]. Prostate cancer is the second most prevalent cancer in men [26], and RP is the most common treatment for localized prostate cancer, particularly for younger men who are sexually active [27]. Unfortunately, even with the advent of nerve-sparing procedures, incidences of ED post RP are high: 60% of patients experienced selfreported ED 18 months after RP, and only 28% of men reported erections firm enough for intercourse at a 5-year follow-up according to a prostate cancer outcomes study [25,28].…”