Epidemiology of prostatic cancer: A case‐control study

The age-adjusted incidence of prostate cancer is low in Japan, and it has been suggested that the traditional Japanese diet, which includes many soy products, plays a preventive role against prostate cancer. We performed a case-control study on dietary factors and prostate cancer in order to assess the hypothesis that the traditional Japanese diet reduces the risk of prostate cancer. Four geographical areas (Ibaraki, Fukuoka, Nara, and Hokkaido) of Japan were selected for the survey. Average daily intake of food from 5 years before the diagnosis was measured by means of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. We studied 140 cases and 140 individually age ( ± ± ± ±5 years)-matched hospital controls for analysis. Estimates of age-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and linear trends were calculated by conditional logistic regression models with adjustment for cigarette smoking and total energy intake as confounding factors. Consumption of fish, all soybean products, tofu (bean curds), and natto (fermented soybeans) was associated with decreased risk. ORs of the fourth vs. first quartile and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were 0.45 (0.20-1.02) for fish, 0.53 (0.24-1.14) for all soybean products, 0.47 (0.20-1.08) for tofu, and 0.25 (0.05-1.24) for natto. Consumption of fish and natto showed significantly decreasing linear trends for risk (P < < < <0.05). Consumption of meat was significantly associated with increased risk (the OR of the second vs. first quartile was 2.19, 95%CI 1.00-4.81). Consumption of milk, fruits, all vegetables, green-yellow vegetables, and tomatoes showed no association. Our results provide support to the hypothesis that the traditional Japanese diet, which is rich in soybean products and fish, might be protective against prostate cancer. (Cancer Sci 2004; 95: 238-242) he age-standardized incidence of prostate cancer is low in Japan (10.0 per 100,000), being approximately one-tenth of that in the United States.1) Among Japanese immigrant in Hawaii, age-standardized incidence of prostate cancer is approximately ten times that in Japan.2) It is suggested that environmental factors such as dietary habits play a major role in causation of prostate cancer. A number of case-control studies have indicated that high intake of fat, especially saturated fat, increases the risk of prostate cancer.3) In contrast, high intake of isoflavone, which is mainly found in soybeans and soy products, may reduce the risk of prostate cancer. 4,5) The traditional Japanese diet which includes many soy products is richer in isoflavone, 6,7) and contains less fat than the Western diet. However, an epidemiological study of prostate cancer in Kyoto in 1988 8) yielded no evidence that fat or soybeans were associated with the risk of prostate cancer.Recently in Japan, the incidence rate of prostate cancer has been increasing cocomitantly with the westernization of dietary habits. We carried out a case-control study on dietary factors and prostate cancer to assess the hypothesis that the traditional Japanese diet reduc...

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“…[48][49][50][51][52] In this study, energy intake increased the risk of prostate cancer to some extent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

A case‐control study of diet and prostate cancer in Japan: possible protective effect of traditional Japanese diet

et al. 2004

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“…These studies [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] are summarized in Table 1. The relative risk of prostate cancer in first-degree relatives of cases ranges from 1.…”

Section: Evidence For Genetic Predisposition To Prostate Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Familial prostate cancer: the evidence and the Cancer Research Campaign/British Prostate Group (CRC/BPG) UK Familial Prostate Cancer Study

Eeles

Dearnaley

Ardern‐Jones

et al. 1997

British Journal of Urology

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“…Considering early studies of STIs and prostate cancer conducted among men more likely to have been infected in the pre-antibiotic era, several observed suggestive positive associations for histories of any STIs [6][7][8]21] and gonorrhea [9,11,17], while others observed null or suggestive inverse associations for these STIs [10,14,[22][23][24][25] (Table 1). Fewer studies investigated a history of syphilis in relation to prostate cancer [14,17,23], one of which observed a positive association [14], and the other two observed generally null, unstable results [17,23].…”

Section: Results For Early Studies Of Stis and Prostate Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, in studies with sufficient numbers of exposed participants, suggestive positive associations were observed for histories of STIs or STI symptoms among participants' female partners, including histories of any STIs [8] and "genital infection" [26], with prostate cancer among participants. Most other investigations of participants' female partners had too few exposed participants to interpret their findings [23][24][25][26][27][28].…”

Section: Results For Early Studies Of Stis and Prostate Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexually Transmitted Infections and Risk of Prostate Cancer: Review of Historical and Emerging Hypotheses

Sutcliffe

2010

Future Oncol.

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ABSTRACT/SUMMARYSince the early 1950s when sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were first proposed as a possible risk factor for prostate cancer, numerous epidemiologic studies have been conducted.Initially, these studies were primarily small case-control studies with retrospective, self-reported assessment of a narrow range of STIs, typically either any STIs, or gonorrhea and syphilis.However, as new STIs have been discovered/recognized, new and better tests to detect histories of STIs have been developed, and new resources for prostate cancer research have been created, epidemiologic studies have expanded to include a wider range of STIs, and have moved towards more rigorous, prospective study designs and serologic assessment of STI histories. The results of these studies are reviewed and discussed, as well as possible new avenues of research, such asTrichomonas vaginalis infection and infections not typically considered to be sexually transmitted. 3 EARLY HYPOTHESES FOR SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS AND PROSTATE CANCEREarly hypotheses related to a sexually transmitted etiology of prostate cancer were initially motivated by contemporary, epidemiologic patterns of prostate cancer occurrence. In the early 1950s, Ravich and Ravich [1, 2] noted a higher prostate cancer prevalence among mainly uncircumcised non-Jewish than circumcised Jewish men, similar to patterns for penile cancer and cervical cancer among female partners of these men, leading them to propose that observed patterns might be explained by sexual transmission of a virus or other carcinogenic agent contained within the smegma of uncircumcised males. Subsequent investigators [3][4][5] further proposed additional hypotheses related to infection, sexual behavior, and sexual frustration to explain other contemporary patterns of prostate cancer occurrence by marital, paternal, and racial status. Together, these observations and hypotheses led to a series of investigations beginning in the early 1970s to examine possible associations between STIs and sexual behavior in relation to prostate cancer. Selection of STIs STI markers:Most early investigations of STIs and prostate cancer assessed either a history of any STIs or individual histories of gonorrhea and syphilis as markers or possibly vectors of the potentially causative STI or sexual behavior [6][7][8][9]. These STIs were likely selected because they were the most common, well-known, and symptomatic STIs at the time, making them also more readily assessed by self-report, medical record abstraction, or registry query. Prostate inflammation:Other early studies focused specifically on gonorrhea because it frequently led to 4 secondary gonococcal prostatitis in the pre-and early-antibiotic era, and because prostate inflammation had previously been hypothesized as a cause of atrophy and subsequent prostate cancer ([9-11] and references therein). This inflammation-atrophy-prostate cancer hypothesis has since gained further support with the observation of morphological and epigenetic transitions betwe...

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Epidemiology of prostatic cancer: A case‐control study

Cited by 149 publications

References 26 publications

A case‐control study of diet and prostate cancer in Japan: possible protective effect of traditional Japanese diet

A case‐control study of diet and prostate cancer in Japan: possible protective effect of traditional Japanese diet

Familial prostate cancer: the evidence and the Cancer Research Campaign/British Prostate Group (CRC/BPG) UK Familial Prostate Cancer Study

Sexually Transmitted Infections and Risk of Prostate Cancer: Review of Historical and Emerging Hypotheses

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